Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures, and page numbers in bold indicate tables in the text
Aarden, B. 171
Abeles, H. 282, 284, 285
Abelson, R. P. 317
absolute expressionism 24, 25
absolute formalism 24 – 25, 24
absolute pitch 142 – 144, 204
absolutism 24, 24, 25
Ackerman, D. 56
acoustics 8, 62, 135; cylindrical/conical bores 110 – 111; defining sound 85 – 88; environment affecting sound 102 – 105; measuring and describing sound 91 – 102; open/closed pipes 110 – 111, 111; parameters of sound 89 – 91; room 115 – 116; of voice 109 – 110
active learning 338, 346
AD (Alzheimer’s disease) 193 – 194, 197, 199, 363
adaptability of humans 18 – 19
Adult Personality Inventory 382
advertising, music in 79, 391, 399 – 401
AERA (American Educational Research Association) 6
Aerophones 69, 109, 110 – 112
aesthetic enjoyment of music 72
aesthetic experiences 30, 32
aesthetic judgments 250
aesthetics 26; experimental 26, 251, 251; golden mean and mathematical influences 26 – 28
Aesthetics and Psychobiology (Berlyne) 26
aesthetic sensitivity 22 – 23
Aesthetic Trinity Theory (ATT) 253 – 256
affective learning 341
Aha! learning 332, 340
Ahmed, L. 79
Aho, M. 310
Aiken, L. 221
Alexander, S. 40
Alexander Technique 380
Alladiya Khan 72
Allesch, C. G. 417
Altenmüller, E. 296
altered states of consciousness 67, 79, 324
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 193 – 194, 197, 199, 363
American Educational Research Association (AERA) 6
American Eugenics Society (AES) 33
AMES (Aversive Musical Experience Scale) 246
amplitude 91, 94 – 96; and duration 152; and loudness 145, 146; and pitch 150 – 152, 151; in Seashore’s model of musical perception 136; and timbre 152; and volume and density 152 – 153
amplitude envelopes 100, 101
amusia 131 – 132, 196 – 198
ancient Greeks 4, 10, 16, 39
Anderson, L. 341, 342
Andrews, E. 383
Andrews, N. 379
Angus, J. 85, 114 – 115
ANS (autonomic nervous system) 231 – 232, 237
anthropology 6, 8, 58, 80, 196
The Anthropology of Music (Merriam) 69
anti-social attitudes 402
ants, sounds of 43
anxiety 273, 370 – 371; see also performance anxiety
Anxiety Scale Questionnaire 379
anxiolytic music 368
Apache war dances 78, 78
ape vocalizations 45
aphasia 198, 369 – 370
Appler, J. M. 127
Apple Music 27
applied research 412 – 413
apraxia of speech (AOS) 370
Arabian music 108
Argyle, M. 278
Aristotle 10, 33
arousal model 245
arousal potential 285
art: prehistoric 62 – 63; and technology 63 – 65; timeline of early artistic behaviors 58 – 62
artificial intelligence (AI) 351, 355, 355
artificial reverberation 115
artistic abilities and musical ability 272
ascending auditory pathway 126
Ashley, R. 249, 312
ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian responses) 246
Atkins, P. 277
attendance at musical events 399, 400
audiate 354
audiation 163, 354
audio-motor systems 296 – 297
auditory cortex 127 – 132, 128, 212; in children after taking piano lessons 213; and dyslexia 364; in musicians 199, 201, 212
auditory hair cells 123 – 125, 124; and loudness 146; and sense of pitch 123 – 125, 124
auditory scene analysis 159 – 162; attention spotlights 160; auditory stream segregation 129 – 130, 161 – 162, 161; cocktail party phenomenon 160 – 161; schemata 159 – 160
auditory stream segregation 161 – 162, 161; in infants 129 – 130
aural acuity 271; see also audiate; audiation
Austin, J. 303
Ausubel, D. 340
autism 40, 198, 363
automatic double tracking (ADT) 115
autonomic nervous system (ANS) 231 – 232, 237
autonomous sensory meridian responses (ASMR) 246
Aversive Musical Experience Scale (AMES) 246
axon 188, 188, 189
Ayres, P. 350
Baadjou, V. 376
Babbitt, M. 395
babies: auditory cortex development in 129 – 132; auditory stream segregation in 129 – 130; brain, growth of 48; emotional processing of music 209; musical behaviors 149, 196; music as a socializing agent 397; music therapy for premature and newborn 365 – 366; parent-infant bonding 47 – 51, 53 – 54, 397; rhythms, impact on infants 41; rhythm and language acquisition 179 – 180; singing lullabies to 68, 77, 397; stages of development and musical development 332 – 334; statistical learning tasks 165, 179; vocalizations 49 – 50, 130, 179, 332
Bach, J. S. 27, 410; chorale prelude, BWV 645 161, 161; Fugue in d minor, BWV 565 27; Goldberg Variations 24; Italian Concerto 203, 311; PET scans while performing works of 203; Suite No. 1 for Unaccompanied Cello 160 – 161, 161
Backus, J. 146
bagpipes band 3, 3
Baharloo, S. 142
Baker, F. 410
Ballot, C. B. 8
Bandura, A. 303, 337, 337
Bangert, M. 213, 296
Barbot, B. 315
Bartholomew, W. 85
Bartlett, D. 218
Bartok, B., Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion 27
basal ganglia 294 – 296
basic research 412 – 413
bass drums 113, 113
Beach, A. 144 beat induction 149
BeatWalk 365 Beaty, R. 319
beauty: in aesthetic experiences 32; science of 26 – 28
Becker, J. 58
Bednarik, R. 59
Beethoven, L. van 27; Ninth Symphony 157; Piano Sonata, Op. 2, No. 3 157, 158; Symphony No. 1 167 – 168, 168
behavior see social behaviors, influence of music on
behavioral psychology 325 – 328, 355
Behrens, G. 311
Bell, A. G. 94
Benade, A. 85
Beranek, L. L. 115
Berg, M. 303
Bergeson, T. R. 144
Berkowitz, A. 211 – 212, 319
Berlyne, D. 26, 285
Bermudez, J. 212
Bernstein, L. 144
beta-blockers 381
Bharucha, J. 170
Bhattacharya, J. 304
Biasutti, M. 384
Bidelman, G. M. 173
Bigand, E. 167, 170
big, hairy audacious goal (BHAG) 419, 420
Billroth, T. 11
biofeedback training 380
biological differences, human and animals 17 – 18
biological evolution 19, 38, 48, 51
biology contributions to music psychology 5 – 6
BioMusic 5
Bird, H. 376
Biswas-Diener, R. 418
Blacking, J. 4, 67 – 68, 80
Blackwell, J. 304, 305
Blair, M. 249
Blood, A. 208, 221, 227
blood-oxygen saturation levels 222
blood pressure 220 – 221, 230, 368 – 369, 378
blood volume 222
Bloom, B. 291, 297, 340, 342
bodily health 376 – 378
bodily responses to music: physical responses 225 – 229; physiological responses 217 – 225; psychophysiological responses 229 – 232
body movements: and coordination of entrances 309; and musical cues for expressiveness 310 – 313; in musical performance 307 – 310; in response to music 228 – 229, 229
Boer, D. 417
Boethius 10, 27
Boghdady, M. 369
bonding, parent-infant 47 – 51, 53 – 54, 397
Bonny, H. 324
Boston Symphony Hall 115, 116
Botvin, G. 333
Bourke, R. 278
Brahms, J. 290; Symphony No. 1 158
brain, the 128, 187; alterations in relation to musical experiences 212 – 213; basal ganglia 294; cerebellum 187, 188, 211, 214, 294, 295; corpus callosum 203, 212, 213, 292, 294; critical periods 190 – 191; ears and connections to 125 – 127; gray matter 186, 188, 211, 212 – 213, 344; introduction to 186 – 195; learning cycle matching structure of 346 – 347, 349; multisensory integration 194 – 195, 195; music and (see neuromusical research findings); neural networks 191 – 194, 191, 193, 208, 211, 347; neuromotor aspects of music making 292 – 294; plasticity 189 – 190, 212; premotor cortex 293; pruning 190; sensorimotor cortex 211, 213, 293; size 344; supplementary motor cortex 293; white matter 188, 204, 205, 344; see also auditory cortex
brainstem reflexes 249
Brandfonbrener, A. 377
brass players: loudness of instruments 146, 373; neuropathy in 299, 377; personality traits 273; respiration 221
Brattico, E. 210
Braun, A. R. 316
BRECVEMA model 249 – 250
Bregman, A. 159
Bremmer, M. 310
Bronowski, J. 65
Brown, S. 192
Bruer, J. 191
Bruner, J. 31, 339 – 340, 354, 417
Bruscia, K. 359
Builione, R. 274
Bullmore, E. 194
bullroarers 60
Burns, D. 249
buskers, in Belgium 393
Butler, C. 382
Buttram, J. 325
Butzlaff, R. 271
Byo, J. 307
Byrne, C. 338
Byron, T. 177, 416
Cacioppo, J. 230
Campbell, J. 180
Campbell, P. 397
Campbell, W. 29, 409
Carlson, E. 259
Carnegie Hall 115
Carollo, A. 206
Carroll, C. L. 415
cave painting 59 – 63, 63
CDs 64 – 65
celebrations 21, 66, 66, 75, 390
ceramics, development of 64
cerebellum 187, 188, 211, 214, 294, 295
cerebral cortex 186, 188, 209
cerebral palsy 363 – 364
ceremonies 66, 67, 74, 75 – 76, 77, 79, 396
Chaffin, R. 298, 311
chaining 326
Chambers, C. 421
Chandra X-Ray Observatory 39 – 40
changing-note pattern 168, 168
chemical responses to music 222, 223 – 225
Chen, D. 222 child prodigies 197
children: critical role of parental involvement 297, 299; development of personal identity 280 – 281; early musical training 142, 211, 295, 297 – 298, 301; gender associations with instrument preferences 282; music as socializing agent 397; stages of development and musical development 332 – 334; study of brain structure in children taking piano lessons 213; see also babies
chills/thrills 227 – 228, 254, 398
Chinn Cannon, M. 364
Chmiel, A. 285
Chopin, F. 172, 312
choral singing 282 – 283, 307, 376, 379
chordophones 69, 109, 111, 112
Chronobiology International (journal) 41
Chung, J. 284, 285 circadian rhythms 41
clarinets: bodily health of players 376, 377 – 378; distinguishing guitars from 100, 101; gendered preferences for 282; identifying tones 99, 100; loudness 146
Clarke, E. 317, 319
classical music: conductorless 395; emotional reactions to 253; expectancy theory in 166; music reading 306; personality traits of audiences for 288; preferences for 285; social behaviors among audiences at 260, 395
Clayton, M. 72, 74, 75, 77, 249
Clynes, M. 242 – 243, 245, 290
CMT (Cognitive-Musical Training) 365
coaching 338
cochlea 121 – 125, 123, 124, 126 – 127, 137
Coffman, D. 306
cognitive approaches to music learning 328 – 349, 355; cognitive neuroscience 346 – 349, 355; cognitive psychology 339 – 346, 355; developmental psychology 332 – 334; Gestalt psychology 331 – 332, 355; humanistic psychology 329 – 331, 355; social psychology 334 – 339
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 370
cognitive learning 340 – 341
Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) 349 – 351, 355; Explicit Instruction 349 – 350, 355; Worked Examples 350 – 351, 355
Cognitive-Musical Training (CMT) 365
cognitive neuroscience 29, 32, 346 – 349, 355
cognitive psychology 339 – 346, 355; affective learning 341; cognitive learning 340 – 341; and music cognition 345 – 346; music intelligence 342 – 345; psychomotor learning 341; reflective thinking 345 – 346; taxonomies 340 – 342; textbooks on 346
cognitive skills 299 – 307; mental rehearsal 305 – 306; metacognition 303; motivation 303; music reading 306 – 307; quality of practice 300 – 305; self-efficacy 303 – 304; self-regulation 303
Colley, A. 287
Collier, G. 247
Collins, J. 419 Colwell, R. 342
communication, music as 73 – 74
communicative musicality 50
community, music in the 390
compact discs (CDs) 64 – 65
compression-rarefaction cycle 87 – 88, 88, 90, 94, 103 – 105
concrete operational stage of development 332
conductors: behavior and effect on students 328; a factor in singers’ anxiety 379; performance heart rate 220; Toscanini 290 – 291; working with 379, 395
congenital amusia 198
connectivism 351 – 353, 355
Connolly, C. 306
conservation 332 – 333, 333
consonance-dissonance 173
constructive interference 105
constructivism 335
continuous response digital interface (CRDI) 244
convergence zones 194 – 195, 195
convergent thinking (CT) 315
Cook, P. 144
Cook, T 258
coordination of action 77
corpophones 69, 109, 112 – 114
corpus callosum 203, 212, 213, 292, 294
court music 79 – 80, 159
courtship, music in 398
Cowan, A. 34
CRDI (continuous response digital interface) 244
creative thinking 315, 316
creativity, musical see musical creativity critical band 136 – 137
critical periods 190 – 191
Cro-Magnons 60, 63, 64
Croom, A. M. 385
Cross, I. 67, 421
Crow, C. 78
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 255 – 256, 304, 397
cubital tunnel syndrome 377
Cuddy, L. 169
cue abstraction 177, 181
cultural development 19
cultural music psychology 417 – 418
cultural neuroscience 417
culture, music and: continuity and stability of 76; cross-cultural comparative research 177 – 179, 196; and different social behaviors at performances 260; and lack of sensitivity to other 129, 190; learning about one’s own 170 – 171, 180; literature 58; rhythm 38, 180; symbolic representation 74; and understanding emotional expression 69; unifying national culture 77
Curtis, N. 77
Curwen, A. J. 12
Cutietta, R. 307
cymatics 98, 99
cymbals 98, 113, 150, 209, 215
Dahl, S. 311
Daintith, J. 85
dance 73, 75, 76, 397
Daniele, J. 180
Danuser, B. 230, 232
Darwin, C. 45
DAT (Dynamic Attending Theory) 174
Davey, N. 226
Davidson, J. 280, 303, 308, 309, 310
Davies, J. B. 273
Davis, W. 222
Dawson, W. 25
Deary, I. 343
decibels 94 – 95, 95, 96, 145 – 146; formulae 95; and hearing health 372; standards 372
DeCorte, E. 338
default mode network (DMN) 33, 319
deliberate practice 298 – 299, 298, 300
Deliège, I. 176, 177
dementia 193, 199, 363
Demorest, S. 178, 196
dendrites 188, 188
density 90, 152 – 153
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 266 – 267, 267
depression 232, 383
Descartes, R. 28, 28, 409
Destined to Fail: Carl Seashore ’s World of Eugenics, Psychology, Education, and Music (Koza) 33
destructive interference 105
Deutsch, D 143
developmental psychology 332 – 334
de Vries, B. 243
Dewey, J. 336, 345
Diaz, F. M. 304
Dibben, N. 280
Diener, E. 418
diffraction 104, 104
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 204
digital signal processing (DSP) 114
disciplines contributing to music psychology 5 – 10, 13
discovery learning 340
discrimination learning 354
divergent thinking (DT) 315
DMN (default mode network) 33, 319
Dogruoz Karatekin, B. 364
Dollard, J. 336
Doppler effect 8
dosebadges 270, 373, 373
dos Santos, R. 247 – 248
Douglas, G. 79
Douglas, S. 271
Dowling, W. 160, 250
Downes, S. 352
Drayna, D. 142
drugs 381 – 382
drums: and altered states of consciousness 67; bass 113, 113; and gender preferences for 282; in healing 79; jongo 73; prehistoric 62, 65; talking 73 – 74
Dubos, R. 65
Duerksen, G. 153
Duke, R. 296, 327
duration 148 – 150, 152
Dyce, J. 274, 383
Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT) 174
dynamic programming 176, 181
dyslexia 364 – 365
dysrhythmia 40 – 41
dystonia 377
Eagle, C. T., Jr. 4, 145, 361, 420
Eargle, J. 85
earplugs 373, 373, 373 – 374
ears: to brain 125 – 127; inner 122 – 125; middle 121 – 122; outer 120 – 121
Eastman Project 34
ECoG (electrocorticography) 201
economic power of young people 398
economy, music in the 396, 399
education system and music 6 – 7
Edwards, J. 366
Eerola, T. 130, 244
Egyptian Fresco and Greek Vase Painting 61
Einstein, A. 39, 344
Eisner, E. 31
elastic, defining 86
electrocorticography (ECoG) 201
electroencephalography (EEG) 200, 201, 306, 379
electronic music instruments 65, 114 – 115
electrophones 69, 109, 114 – 115
Eliot, T. S. 343 – 344
Ellington, D. 25, 144
Elmer-DeWitt, P. 65
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) 380
emotional contagion 249
emotional expression through music 32, 47, 68 – 69, 72
Emotional Regulation (ER) 257 – 259
Emotion and Meaning in Music (Meyer) 25, 410
emotions, musical: and admiration 248; Aesthetic Trinity Theory (ATT) 253 – 256; Berlyne’s model of 251, 251, 285; of composers 255; defining emotions 236; in everyday musical experiences 256 – 259; expectations and role in 239 – 242; flow theory 255 – 256, 304; imaging of 208 – 210; induced (emotivist position) 235, 248 – 253, 248, 260; laws of emotion applied to 252 – 253; linking psychophysiological variables to emotional responses 229 – 232; McMullen’s model of 251 – 252, 252; measuring 242 – 246; peak experiences theory 255 – 256, 330; perceived (cognitivist position) 235, 246 – 248, 247, 260; of performers 255; Russell’s model of 247 – 248; and social behaviors at concerts 260; socialization of 51; Strong Experiences with Music (SEM) 253, 255, 256, 331
engravings 59, 62
entertainment, function of music as 72 – 73
entrainment 42 envelopes 100, 101 – 102, 148, 148
environment and sound 102 – 105
episodic memory 249
equalization 115
Equal Loudness Contours 96, 97, 146, 147
equal-tempered tuning 106 – 108, 107
ER (Emotional Regulation) 257 – 259
Ercikan, K. 414
Ericsson, K. 298, 299
Erkkinen, M. 211 – 212, 319
ERPs (event-related potentials) 201 – 202, 207
ESM (Experience Sampling Method) 246,
249, 257, 259, 397
ethnic identity 76
ethnomusicology 6, 8, 57, 58, 67, 70, 196
ethology 196
eugenics 33 – 35
evaluative conditioning 249
Evans, P. 300, 349
event hierarchy 175
event-related potentials (ERPs) 201 – 202, 207
evolutionary theory 37 – 38, 53; see also survival benefits of music
Ewalds-Kvist, B. 369
exercise and music 391
expectancy theory 165 – 169, 239 – 242, 249 – 250
expectancy-value theory 303
Experience Sampling Method (ESM) 246, 249, 257, 259, 397
experimental aesthetics 26
Explicit Instruction 349 – 350, 355
expressionism: absolute 24, 25; referential 24
expressivity, musical 307 – 313; body movements 307 – 310; in different cultures 69; musical cues for expressiveness 310 – 313
extrinsic learning experiences 330
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) 380
eye movements and reading music 306 – 307
Fabiani, M. 152
facial gestures 228
fading 338
Fancourt, D. 371
Farb, P. 22
Farnsworth, P 271
Fasano, M. C. 204
fast-path–slow-path model 239, 240
Faulkner, R. 280
Fechner, G. T. 11, 26
feedback 305; biofeedback 380; forms of 304; informative 304; positive 326 – 327, 354
Feed-Forward 304, 305
Feed-Up 304, 305
feelings, music 30
festivals 75 – 76, 77
Fibonacci Sequence 26 – 27, 27
filtering 114
Fink, L. K. 385
Fischer, R. 417
Fishbein, M. 381
fish choruses, sounds of 44
flanging 115
Fleischer, L. 377
Fleming, N. D. 353
Fletcher, H. 146
Fletcher-Munson Curves 146, 147
floating intentionality 67
flow theory 255 – 256, 304, 315 – 316
flutes 110; bodily health of players 376; bone 46 – 47, 47; gendered preferences for 282; identifying tones 99, 100; in non-Western music 73, 76; prehistoric 60, 60, 62; wavelengths and frequencies 94 fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) 204, 207
fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) 205, 206, 207
focal dystonia 299, 377
Foley, E. 333
Folkestad, G. 280, 415
Forgeard, M. 348
formalism 24 – 25, 24
formal music experiences 413 – 415
formal operational stage of development 332
Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Core Readings (Levitin) 346
Fourier, J-B., J. 99
Fourier Theorem 99 – 100, 100, 101
Francis, L. 278
frequency 91 – 94; and density 153; formulae 91, 93; and loudness 146, 147, 152; and pitch 137 – 139, 138; and pitch 92; and sound absorption 103; and speed of sound 90 – 91, 91; and timbre 152; wavelengths of 93
Frequency of Abnormal Movements Scale 377
Freud, S. 322, 324, 325, 344
Friberg, A. 152, 311
Fridja, N. 252
Frieler, K. 418
Froelich, H. 339
frogs, sounds of 43
Fujioka, T. 172
functional harmony 170
functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) 204, 207
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) 205, 206, 207
functions and roles of music in society: aesthetic enjoyment 72; into battle 78 – 79; ceremonies and festivals 66, 67, 74, 75 – 76, 77, 79, 396; communication 73 – 74; coordination of action 77; court 79 – 80; cultural stability and continuity 76; dance 75; emotional expression 68 – 69, 72; enjoyment 72 – 73; entertainment 72 – 73; ethnic identity 76; games 72 – 73, 74; healing 79, 360, 361; individual’s emotional/cognitive/physiological state 72; lullabies 77; mediation between self and others 75; physical responses to music 75; in religion 75 – 76; salesmanship 79; social institutions, validation of 75 – 76; social integration 76 – 77; social norms, enforcing conformity to 75; storytelling 77 – 78; symbolic representation 74; and trance 79; work accompaniment 77
Gaab, N. 296
Gabrielsson, A. 25, 217, 242, 243, 253, 255 – 256,
277 – 278, 331, 409, 410, 420
Gadamer, H-G. 279
Gagné, F. 291
Gagné, R. 354
Galen 10
Galton, F. 33
galvanic skin responses (GSR) 221
The Games Black Girls Play (Gaunt) 73
games, musical 72 – 73, 74
gap-fill melody 167, 168
Gardner, H. 314, 343 – 344, 355
Garland, J. 309
Garlin, F. 400
Gaser, C. 212
Gaston, E. 4, 145, 218, 361
gastric motility 222
Gaunt, K. 73
Geertz, C. 417
GEMS (Geneva Emotional Music Scale) 255
gender: associations with instruments 282, 283; identity 280; and musical ability 271; and psychophysiological responses 232; related issues regarding singing 282 – 283
generational identity 281
Generative Theory of Tonal Music (GTTM) 175 – 176, 176, 181
genes, musical 142, 212, 266 – 268
genetic acquisition 269 – 270
Geneva Emotional Music Scale (GEMS) 255
genres, preferences for musical 283 – 286
Geringer, J. 409
Gerling, C. 247 – 248
GERMS model 310 – 311
Gestalt psychology 156 – 158, 161, 166, 331 – 332, 355
Ghana 108
gharana 72
Gillespie, W. 274
GIM (Guided Imagery and Music) 324
Giordano, B. 174
Gjerdingen, R. 159
Gjermunds, N. 275
Gladwell, M. 297
Glasser, S. 142, 145
Gold, B. P. 250
Goldberg, L. 287
Golden Hall of Musikverein Vienna 116
golden mean 26 – 28
Goller, A. I. 145
Gomez, P. 230, 232
gongs 112 – 113, 113
Goodrich, L. V. 127
goosebumps 227, 227
Gordon, E. 163, 271, 355
Gosling, S. 287
Gould, G. 25
Gowers, W. 11
Graduate Records Examinations (GRE) 342
Graffman, G. 377
Graham, G. 32
Graham, M. 344
Granot, R. Y. 385
gray matter 186, 188, 211, 212 – 213, 344
Green, L. 421
Green, S. 311
Greenberg, D. M. 286
Gregory, A. 69, 71, 72 – 74, 75 – 80
Gregory, T. 307
Griesser, M. 45
Groll-Knapp, E. 378
Gross, J. 258
group identity 31, 76
group knowledge 31
group learning 347
GSR (galvanic skin responses) 221
GTTM (Generative Theory of Tonal Music) 175 – 176, 176, 181
Guhn, M. 230, 232
Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) 324
Guilford, J. P. 343
guitars: distinguishing clarinets from 100, 101; effective practice strategies 306; imaging musical performance 211; learning to play 346 – 348; personality of guitarists 274; practice strategies 306
Gurney, E. 11
Gustavson, D. 367
Guthrie, E. 325
gyrification 186
Haack, P. 31, 145, 150
Haider, M. 378
Hall, D. 116, 137, 146
Hallam, S. 303
Halpern, A. 144
Handel, S. 140
Hanley, B. 411
Hanna, W. 342
Hannon, E. 180
Hanser, W. E. 228
Hanson, H. 34
Hargreaves, D. 26, 258, 279, 284, 285, 339
harmonics 97, 98, 99
harmonies 108
harpsichord 107
Harrer, G. 226
Harrer, H. 226
Hartmann, W. 85
Harwood, D. 250
Hattie, J. 304
The Haunting Melody (Reik) 324
Hawaii 75
Haydn, F. J. 27; Surprise Symphony 209, 239; Symphony No. 104 245
healing 79, 360, 361
health, music and: music and wellbeing 383 – 385; music medicine 367 – 371; music therapy 359 – 367; performing arts medicine 371 – 383 healthcare: messages through songs 77 – 78; music in 391 hearing 106; ear to brain mechanism 125 – 127; health 372 – 374; inner ear 122 – 125; mechanism 119 – 127, 121; middle ear 121 – 122; outer ear 120 – 121; range 91; thresholds of 145; time-ordered 42, 53; see also auditory cortex
heart rate and pulse rate 219 – 220, 227, 230, 380 – 381
heavy metal music 287, 402
Hedden, S. 140, 152
Heifetz, J. 309, 309
Heller, J. 29, 409
hemispheric asymmetry 130
Hertz, H. 92, 92
Hess, J. 415
Hevner, K. 242, 243, 244
Hierarchy of Human Needs 329, 329
Hills, P. 278
Hirsch, I. 150
history of music psychology 10 – 11
Hodges, D. 192, 210, 230, 306
Hofstadter, D. 27
home, music at 269, 334, 390
homeostasis 42
Honing, H. 201
Hornbostel-Sachs system 111
horses, sounds of 43 – 44
Howard, D. 85, 107, 114 – 115
Howe, M. 281
Hull, C. 325
human, and musical nature 16 – 23
Human Brain Project 419
Human Genome Project 266, 270
humanistic psychology 329 – 331, 355
Hume, D. 28, 28, 409
humor 21
Hunter, J. 397
Huron, D. 32, 143, 170, 171, 172, 241, 409
Hutchinson, S. 212
Hyde, K. 213
hyperscanning 205 – 208
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis 231 – 232
Ibn Hindu 10
Icagasioglu, A. 364
identity, musical 279 – 281; and ethnic or group identity 76; and instrument preferences 282 – 283; links to musical personality 279 – 281; preferences for musical genres 283 – 286 idiophones 69, 109, 112 – 114
IDS (infant-directed speech) 49, 49
imaging: affective responses to music 208 – 210; musical performance 211 – 212; music learning 212 – 213; music perception and cognition 208
imaging techniques for studying music 200 – 208; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 204; electroencephalography (EEG) 200, 201, 306, 379; event-related potentials (ERPs) 201 – 202, 207; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 204, 207; functional near-infrared spectroscopy 205, 206, 207; hyperscanning 205 – 208; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 203 – 204, 207; magnetoencephalography (MEG) 202 – 203, 207; positron emission tomography (PET) 203, 203, 207, 295 – 296; transcranial magnetic stimulation 204 IMEs (intense musical experiences) 384 – 385
immune system 370 – 371
Implication-Realization Model 178, 250
improvisation 211, 316 – 319 Imreh, G. 298
Inderal 381 – 382
India 72, 108; restaurants in 392
induced musical emotions (emotivist position) 235, 248 – 253, 248, 260
infant-directed speech (IDS) 49, 49
inference learning 354
inferior parietal lobule (IPL) 238
informal music experiences 413 – 415
infradian rhythms 41
inheritance/acquisition of musicality debate 265 – 272
initial time-delay gap (ITDG) 116
inner ear 122 – 125
In Search of Beauty, a scientific Approach to Musical Esthetics (Seashore) 26
instruments: adult beginners 191; categories of 69; early 46, 59 – 60, 64; learning to play 346 – 348; parental involvement in children’s practice 297, 299; and personality 274; practice quality and quantity 298 – 299, 300 – 305; preferences for 282 – 283
intelligence and relationship with musical ability 271; see also music intelligence
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 342
intense musical experiences (IMEs) 384 – 385
interaction rhythms 41
interference 105, 105
interonset interval (IOI) 173
intrinsic learning experiences 330
introversion 273
intuitive thinking 340
invariant of music making 67 – 80; difficulties defining terms 67 – 68; and functions and roles in societies 69 – 80; identifying universal traits 68; statistical universals, looking at 69 – 70, 70
invariants: altered states of consciousness 67, 79; celebrations 66, 66; dance 75; religion 65 – 66; see also invariant of music making inverted-U model 285
IOI (interonset interval) 173
Iorio, C. 305
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) 342
IPL (inferior parietal lobule) 238
isochrony 45
Israel 77, 280
ITPRA Theory of Expectation 241
It’s Never Too Late (Holt) 191
Iverson, P. 152
Ives, C. 30
Iwanaga, M. 221, 227
Jackendoff, R. 175, 176, 181
Jackson, A. 25
Jackson, J. H. 11
Jacob, U. S. 370
Jaeger, G. 314
Janata, P. 192
Jäncke, L. 220, 295
Jankowsky, R. 79
Jansens, S. 312
Janzen, T. 192
Järvelä, I. 268
Jewish diaspora 76
Johnson, C. 352 – 353
Johnson, J. 199
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 317, 318 – 319
Johnston, I. 85
Jonaitis, E. 165
Jones, M. 174
jongo 73
Jørgensen, H. 291
journals: reflective thinking articles 345; related to music 391; world music articles 58
Juchniewicz, J. 309
judgments, musical 276 – 277 jump-rope songs 73, 73
Juslin, P. 209, 235, 236, 249, 310, 312, 313
Just intonation 106, 107
just noticeable difference (JND) 140 – 141
Karageorghis, C. I. 232
Karma, K. 364
Kastner, J. D. 415
Katagiri, J. 363
Kemp, A. 35, 273, 279
Kendall, J. 341, 342
Kendall, R. 148
Kennedy, M. 414
Kenny, D. T. 378, 382, 414
Khalfa, S. 230
Kimura, D. 127
King, B. B. 309, 309
knowing, music as way of 29 – 31, 51 – 52, 54, 344
knowledge and human 23
knowledge system, musical 29 – 31
Koch, S. 41
Koelsch, S. 194, 220, 384, 385
Koffka, K. 156, 331
Köhler, W. 156, 305, 331
Konečni, V. J. 230, 242, 253, 254 – 256
Koshimori, Y. 222
Kotz, S. A. 370
Koza, J. 33, 35
Krakauer, P. M. 417
Krakouer, L. 364
Krathwohl, D. 341, 342
Krause, B. 45 – 46
Krishnan, A. 173
Krumhansl, C. 152, 169, 171, 178, 222, 230
Kuckelkorn, K. L. 275
Kuhn, T. 328
Kunchur, M. 119
Kung culture 70 – 71
Kung tribe 79
Kupers, E. 300
Kwak, E. 364
labor, women in 370, 371
Lach, R. 11
Lamont, A. 280
Lamothe, V. C. 353
Langer, S. 29
language: acquisition 51, 180; and relationship with music 179 – 181; tonal 142 – 143, 179, 180
Larsen, J. 230
‘laurel leaf’ blade 64
laws of emotion 252 – 253
learning see music learning LeBlanc, A. 379
Lederman, R. 377
Lee, D. 212
Lehmann, A. 178, 312
Lehrer, P. 378
Leipold, B. 258
Lennox, A. 310
Lerdahl, F. 170, 175 – 176
Levitin, D. 144, 199, 287, 346
Levitt, D. A. 318
Levy, S. 378
Lewin, K. 335, 337
Libera, R. 373
life space 335, 335, 337
Limb, C. J. 316
limbic system 187, 209, 209, 237 – 238, 238
Lim, S. 306
Lindström, E. 243, 409
Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 245
Linnemann, A. 231
Linos, D. 370
Linson, A. 319
Lippman, L. 306
Lipps, T. 11
Lipton, J. 273, 274
literature overview 12 – 13; publications 1800 – 2010 12
lithophones 60
Liu, X. 268
Liu, Y. 213
LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 245
Lock, J. 352
Loepthien, T. 258
London, J. 149, 174
Loosen, F. 107
Lordier, L. 366
loudness 96; perception of 145 – 146, 147, 152
“Loudness, Its Definition, Measurement and Calculation” (Fletcher and Munson) 146
Loudness Level Contours 96, 97, 146, 147
loudness processing 115
love 20 – 21, 48 – 50
LSD therapy 145
Lubart, T. 315
lullabies 68, 77, 397
Lundqvist, L.-O. 230, 232
MacArthur, S. L. 303
Mace, S. 373 – 374
Mach, E. 11
MacLellan, C., 275
Macnamara, B. N. 269
Madsen, C. 244, 299, 326, 409
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 203 – 204, 207
magnetoencephalography (MEG) 202 – 203, 207, 364
Mahler, A. 324, 325
Mahler, G. 324, 325
Maimonides 10
Malloch, S. 50, 310
Mandarin Chinese 179
manic-depression 41
Marazano, R. 341, 342
Marchand, D. 313
marching band 66, 373, 394, 394
marimbas 113 – 114, 114, 311, 311
Marin, M. M. 304
Marion-St-Onge, C. 197
Markus, G. 191
Marsh, K. 73
Martin, A. J. 349
Martindale, C. 285
Martinez, M. 192
Martin, R. 267
Marvin, E. 143
Maslow, A. 31, 255, 329 – 331, 329
Mason, L. 6
mathematical influences on aesthetics 26 – 28
Mazziotta, J. 295
McAdams, S. 174
McCormick, J. 303
McDermott, A. 59
McGraw-Hill 85
McKeage, K. 282
McMullen, P. 251
McPhee, E. 313
McPherson, G. 197, 301 – 307, 350, 412
meantone tuning 106, 107
media, music in 391, 397, 403 – 404
medium, defining 86 MEG (magnetoencephalography) 364
Mehl, M. 281
Mélen, M. 176
melodic contour 157, 172 – 173, 180; of infant
vocalization 51, 130, 179
melodic fission/fusion 161
Melodic-Intonation Therapy (MIT) 369 – 370
melody and harmony 172 – 173
membranophones 69, 109, 112 – 114
memory, creativity and 314 – 315
memory, musical 53, 162 – 165, 345
mental health issues 378 – 383
mental rehearsal 305 – 306
Merker, B. 47
Merriam, A. 69, 70, 70, 72 – 77, 404
MET (Musical Expression Test) 315
metacognition 303
meter 149 – 150
Meyer, J. 85, 420
Meyer, L. 25, 164, 166, 168, 169, 249, 250, 410
Meyer, M. 212
Meyer, R. 296
mice, sounds of 43
microanalysis 301, 350
middle ear 121 – 122
Middlestadt, S. 381
Midori 290 – 291
Miklaszewski, K. 298
Miksza, P. 301, 304, 411 – 412
military music 78 – 79, 390 – 391
Miller, G. 45
Miller, L. 198
Miller, N. 336
Mills, C. 353
Mills, J. 35
Miranda, D. 418
mirror neurons 296 – 297, 306, 347
missing fundamental 138 – 139, 140
Miyake, A. 271
Miyazaki, K. 143
Mizener, C. 282
MMN (music listening, and mismatch negativity) 201, 202
modeling 338
model of music psychology 5 – 10, 5
monochord 10, 10
Montgomery, J. 411
Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusias (MBEA) 196, 198
Moore, D. R. 127
Moore, E. 204
Moore, K. 285
Morford, J. 336
Mori, K. 227
Moris, D. N. 370
Morrison, S. 178, 196
Mosing, M. 299
mosquitoes, sounds of 43
Mössler, K. 367
motherese 49
motivation 303
motor maps 204, 212, 294, 306
motor skills 291 – 299; acquisition of 296; audio-motor systems 296 – 297; importance of rest and sleep in consolidating 296; motor aspects of music making 294; neuromotor aspects of music making 292 – 294; and quantity of practice 297 – 299
Moura, N. 309
Mozart, W. A. 27; Jupiter Symphony 43;
Musical Joke 21; Sonata in C K545 165, 166; Sonata in Eb Major K. 168, 168
MP3 players 281, 391, 403
multifactorial gene-environment interaction model (MGIM) 269, 299
multiple intelligences (MI) theory of 343 – 344,
355 multisensory integration 194 – 195, 195
Munson, W. 146
muscular and motor responses to music 225 – 226, 227
Musgrave, G. 382
musical, reasons for being: language acquisition and 51, 54; natural soundscapes and 43 – 47; parent-infant bonding and 47 – 51, 53 – 54; rhythm fundamental to life and 38 – 43; social organization and 52 – 53, 54; as way knowing 51 – 52, 54
musical attributes: inheritance/acquisition debate 265 – 272; and relationship to other human attributes 271 – 272
musical bows 59, 59
musical creativity 313 – 319; divergent and convergent thinking 315; flow 315 – 316; improvisation 316 – 319; memory and 314 – 315
Musical Expression Test (MET) 315
musical expressivity 310 – 313; body movements 307 – 310; in different cultures 69; musical cues for expressiveness 310 – 313
musicality inheritance/acquisition debate 265 – 272
musical knowledge system 29 – 31
musical memory 53, 162 – 165, 345
musical occupations 391
musical person: musical identity 229 – 281; musical inheritance/acquisition debate 265 – 272; musical personality 272 – 275; relationship of musical attributes to other human attributes 271 – 272; religious and spiritual aspects 275 – 279
musical personality 272 – 275; Kemp’s core traits 273; links to musical identity 279 – 281
musical preferences: for genres 283 – 286; for instruments 282 – 283; listener variables influencing 285; music influencing 285 – 286; personality and impact on 286 – 288; preference for prototypes theory (PPT) 177, 285 – 286; situations and contexts 286; and social identity theory (SIT) 280, 286 musical talent 33 – 35, 265 music cognition 32, 155 – 183; auditory scene analysis 159 – 162; and cognitive psychology 345 – 346; cross-cultural comparative research 177 – 179, 196; expectancy theory 165 – 169, 239 – 242, 249 – 250; Gestalt theory 156 – 158, 161, 166, 331 – 332, 355; imaging 208; and language 179 – 181; of larger musical forms 174 – 177; melody and harmony 172 – 173; musical memory 53, 162 – 165, 345; and non-Western music 177, 181, 196, 215; and rhythm 173 – 174; statistical learning 165, 170, 171 – 172, 179; and timbre 174; tonality 169 – 172
music expectancy 249 – 250
music intelligence 342 – 345, 355
Music in Therapy (Gaston) 361
music learning: adult beginners 191; cognitive load theory 349 – 351, 355; connectivism 351 – 353, 355; early children’s 142, 211, 295, 297 – 298, 301; imaging 212 – 213; learning styles 353; learning to play an instrument 346 – 348; neural pruning in 190; teaching 353 – 354 music learning, psychology of 322 – 356; behavioral psychology 325 – 328, 355; cognitive approaches 328 – 349, 355; cognitive neuroscience 346 – 349, 355; cognitive psychology 339 – 346, 355; developmental psychology 332 – 334; Gestalt psychology 331 – 332, 355; humanistic psychology 329 – 331, 355; learning cycle model 346, 346 – 347, 347, 349; music learning theory 353 – 354, 355; psychoanalysis 322 – 325, 354 – 355; social psychology 334 – 339
music learning theory 353 – 354, 355
music listening, and mismatch negativity (MMN) 201, 202
music medicine 367 – 371, 391; and anxiety 370 – 371; and aphasia 369 – 370; defining 368; and immune system 370 – 371; and pain 370 – 371; and stress 370 – 371
MUSIC model 287
Music of the Whole Earth (Reck) 81
musicology 8
Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (Sacks) 185
music psychology 196; applied research 412 – 413; basic research 412 – 413; conducting research 406 – 408; convergence of disciplines in 5 – 10, 13; cultural 417 – 418; defining 4 – 5, 406 – 408; formal music experiences 413 – 415; global perspectives research 415 – 417; history of 10 – 11; informal music experiences 413 – 415; literature overview 12 – 13; model of 5 – 10, 5; philosophy and 408 – 410; qualitative research 412 – 413; replicability of research findings 418 – 419; research collaboratory 419 – 420; ruminations on 406 – 421; theory, research, and practice, triumvirate of 410 – 412
Music Psychology Collaboratory for Research (MPCR) 419 – 420
Music Special Interest Group 6 music theory contributions to music psychology 8 – 10
music therapy 358, 359 – 367, 391; for
Alzheimer’s Disease 363; for autism 363; for cerebral palsy 363 – 364; for dyslexia 364 – 365; history of 361 – 362; and involvement in music medicine 367; for Parkinson’s Disease and stroke 365; practitioners and clients/patients 360, 359; for premature and newborn infants 365 – 366; principles of 361; processes in 361, 362; for psychiatric disorders 367; with wounded soldiers 360
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 353
Myors, B. 274
Name That Tune program 73
Narayanamurti, V. 413
Narmour, E. 167, 250
Nater, U. 222
national anthems 77, 280, 388
national identity 77, 280
National Standards for Music Education 6
natural harmonic series 98, 99
natural soundscapes 43 – 47
Neapolitan Domenico Cotugno 123
Negro Folk Symphony (Dawson) 25
‘Negro’ music 34
nerve entrapments 376 – 377
Nettl, B. 70
neural networks 170, 191 – 194, 191, 193, 208, 211, 347
neural plasticity 189 – 190, 212
neural pruning 190
neuroaesthetics 26, 32, 210 – 211
neurochemical responses 222, 223 – 225
neurologic music therapy (NMT) 364 – 365, 367, 369
neuromotor aspects of music making 292 – 294
neuromusculoskeletal problems 376 – 378
neuromusical research findings: ancillary disciplines evidence for 196; imaging affective responses to music 208 – 210; imaging musical performance 211 – 212; imaging music learning 212 – 213; imaging music perception and cognition 208; imaging techniques for studying music 200 – 208; indirect approaches evidence for 196 – 200
neurons 188, 188, 189, 189, 190, 191, 192, 212
neuroscience, cognitive 29, 32, 346 – 349, 355
Ng, H. H. 415
Niarchou, M. 268
niche hypothesis 45, 46
Nickerson, J. F. 107
Nielsen, S. 304
NIHL (Noise-Induced Hearing Loss) 132, 372
Nijs, L. 310
NMT (neurologic music therapy) 364 – 365, 367, 369
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) 132, 372
Nolker, D. 306 non-human sounds 43 – 45
nonverbal communication 20, 30, 51, 362; hand signs and emojis for 20
non-Western music: listening to 80, 155, 190; meters 150; music cognition and 177, 181, 196, 215; tuning 108 – 109
North, A. 26, 258, 285, 287, 339
Norton, A. 213
Norway 108
Nyklíček, I. 230
OAEs (otoacoustic emissions) 124
oboe 76, 279; attack time 101; body health and playing 376; identifying tones 99, 100
occupations, musical 391
Ockelford, A. 198, 407 – 408
O’Connor, B. 274, 383
Odumosu, T. 413
Ogawa, Y. 143
Ohno, A. 40
Oikkonen, J. 268
Olson, H. 85
Olympic Games Beijing, Opening Ceremony 396
O’Neill, S. 282, 303, 304
Ong, W. 74
Open Science Collaboration 418
oral traditions, importance of music to 76, 78, 317
organizations: professional and social 391
Orpheus Chamber Orchestra 395
Orton, A. 340
oscine songbirds, sounds of 44
Ostwald, P. 383
otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) 124
outer ear 120 – 121
overtones 98
Owen, K. 400
pain, music to ameliorate 370 – 371
painting 26, 62; cave 59 – 63, 63; Egyptian Fresco and Greek Vase 61; rock 61; sand 19
Palmer, C. 296
parental involvement in children’s music practice 297, 299
parent-infant bonding 47 – 51, 53 – 54, 397
Parizek, D. 220
Parker, A. F. 363
Parkinson’s disease (PD) 226, 365
Parncutt, R. 412
partials 97, 98
Parton, D. 255
Pascual-Leone, A. 306
Patel, A. 180
Pavlov, I. 325, 326
PD (Parkinson’s disease) 226, 365
peak experiences theory 255 – 256, 330
Peck, K. J. 194
Pelling, A. 40
Pennebaker, J. 281
perceived musical emotions (cognitivist position) 235, 246 – 248, 247, 260
perception of music: cognition’s influence on 135, 153; in cognitive psychology 345; critical band 136 – 137; duration 148 – 150, 152; imaging 208; loudness 145 – 146, 147, 152; pitch 137 – 145, 150 – 152, 151; Seashore’s model of 136, 136; secondary relationships 150 – 153; timbre 146 – 148, 152; tonal hierarchies and influence on 170; volume and density 152 – 153
Peretz, I. 198, 208 – 209, 268
performance, music 290 – 320; cognitive skills 299 – 307; expressive skills 307 – 313; imaging 211 – 212; measuring 379; motor skills 291 – 299; musicians’ heart rates during 220; simulator 380, 381; social behaviors among musicians 393 – 395
performance anxiety 273, 378 – 382
performing arts medicine 358, 371 – 383; bodily health 376 – 378; hearing health 372 – 374; psychosocial health 378 – 383; vocal health 375 – 376 period 92; formula 93 periodicals see journals periodicity theory 138 – 139
personality, musical 272 – 275; Kemp’s core traits 273; links to musical identity 279 – 281
personality and impact on musical preferences 286 – 288
Personal Performance Anxiety Report 379
Persson, R. 303
PET (positron emission tomography) 203, 203, 207, 295 – 296
Peterson, D. C. 127
Petzold, R. 271
Pfeiffer, J. 54, 324
Pflederer, M. 333
phasing 115
Phillips, D. 271
philosophical issues in music psychology: general philosophical approaches 23 – 25, 24; human and musical nature 16 – 23; and music as way of knowing 29 – 31; and paradigm shift in music psychology 28 – 29; science of beauty and 26 – 28
philosophy contributing to music psychology 6, 408 – 410
phons 96
physical activity and association with music 391
physical responses to music 225 – 229; body movements 228 – 229, 229; chills 227 – 228; chills 254, 398; facial gestures 228; an invariant 75; motor systems 228; muscular responses 225 – 226, 227
physics contribution to music psychology 8
physiological responses to music: bloodoxygen saturation levels 222; blood pressure 220 – 221, 230; blood volume 222; gastric motility 222; heart rate and pulse rate 219 – 220, 227, 230, 380 – 381; neurochemical responses 222, 223 – 225; respiration 221, 227, 230; skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230; temperature 222, 230
Piaget, J. 332 – 333, 333, 336
pianists: body movements 307, 309; imaging musical performance 211; imaging music learning 212; mental rehearsal 306; motor skills 295, 296; quality and quantity of practice 298
piano lessons, study of children taking 213
Picasso 344
Pignatiello, M. 222
Pilger, A. 230
Pinker, S. 37
Piperek, M. 382
Pires, M. J. 162, 291
Pisano, L. 26
pitch: absolute 142 – 144, 204; and auditory cortex mapping 131; chroma/class 141; discrimination 140, 152; as distinct from frequency 92; height 141; in language 180; matching 141; perception of 137 – 145, 150 – 152, 151; periodicity theory of 138 – 139; place theory of 137 – 138, 139; proximity 157, 167; relative 143; reversal 167, 168; spectral 138; and timbre 152; volley theory of 139
pitch processing 115
place theory 137 – 138, 139
plasticity, brain 189 – 190, 212
Plato 10, 26, 33
play and human 21
pleasure models 245; Berlyne’s 251, 251; McMullen’s 251 – 252, 252; Russell’s 247 – 248
Plotkin, H. 38
politics, music in 390, 401 – 403, 402, 404
popular music: and generational identity 281; influence on teenagers 403; to reward behaviors 327; and stress of musicians 383
Porras, J. I. 419
Porter, S. 282
positron emission tomography (PET) 203, 203, 207, 295 – 296
Poulin-Charronnat, B. 170
Powell, N. 27
PPT (Preference for Prototypes Theory) 177, 285 – 286
practice: focal dystonia concerns 299; and mental rehearsal 305 – 306; parental involvement in children’s 297, 299; quality of 300 – 305; quantity of 297 – 299
Prayer (Stuessy) 158
Predictive Coding of Music Model 208, 213 – 214
preference for prototypes theory (PPT) 177, 285 – 286
preferences, musical 281 – 286; for genres 283 – 286; for instruments 282 – 283; personality and impact on 286 – 288; preference for prototypes theory (PPT) 177, 285 – 286; and social identity theory (SIT) 280, 286
prehistoric art 61 – 62 premotor cortex 293
pre-operational stage of development 332 – 333
Presley, D. 373
Pressing, J. 317
Prideaux, T. 64
Priest, D. 232
primitive music 34
prodigies 197
Project Zero 344
Proops, L. 43 – 44
protest songs 75, 402
pruning, brain 190
psychiatric disorders 367
psychoacoustics 8, 135; see also perception of music
psychoanalysis 322 – 325, 354 – 355
psychoeducation 367
psychological androgyny 273
psychological homeostasis 42
psychology and contribution to music psychology 7
Psychology of Music 13
The Psychology of Musical Talent (Seashore) 35
psychology of music learning see music learning, psychology of psychomotor learning 341
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 370 – 371
psychophysiological responses to music 229 – 232; gender differences and 232; musical structures’ influence on 232
psychosocial health 378 – 383
Puccini, Giacomo, La Bohème 244
pulse rate and heart rate 219 – 220, 227, 230, 380 – 381
Putin, V. 280
Pythagoras 4, 10
Pythagorean scale 106
qualitative research 412 – 413
quantum field theory 38 – 39
quantum physics 4, 38 – 39, 40
racial differences and musical ability 271
Radocy, R. 145, 156
Raeburn, S. 383
Raffman, D. 276
Rao, K. 12
Rasch, R. 308
reading music 306 – 307
Reck, D. 81, 317
referential expressionism 24
referentialism 24, 24, 25
reflection 103 – 104
reflective thinking 345 – 346
refraction 104 – 105
rehearsing see practice
Reik, T. 324
Reimer, B. 31, 411
relative pitch (RP) 143
religion and music 21, 62 – 63, 65 – 66, 75 – 76, 275 – 279, 390, 401 – 403
Rentfrow, P. 287
Renwick, J. 302
research collaboratory 419 – 420
respiration 221, 227
restaurants, music in 391, 392
reticular activating system (RAS) 237, 237
reverberation time (RT) 115
Révész, G. 197
Reybrouck, M. 30
Reymore, L. 172
Rhazes 10
rhythm: circadian 41; fundamental life process 38 – 43, 53; on infants 41; infradian 41; and music cognition 173 – 174; patterns 150, 174; role in language acquisition 180; social interactions 41, 41 – 42; ultradian 41
rhythmic entrainment 249
rhythmic synchrony 41, 45, 53
Richardson, V. 336
Rickard, N. 232
Rideout, R. 317, 411
Ries, R. 221
Rigden, J. 85
Rimsky-Korsakov, N. 315
ripples in pond 86
Robins, R. 328
Robitaille, B. 247
rock art 61 – 62
rock painting 61
Roden, I. 315
Roederer, J. 139
Rogers, C. 329, 331
Rogers, G. L. 145
roles of music see functions and roles of music in society
Rolka, E. J. 364
room acoustics 115 – 116
root mean square (RMS) 94
Ross, S. 306
Rothgeb, J. 27 – 28
Rothstein, E. 28
Roth, W. M. 414
Rowan, J. 330
Rubinstein, A. 305
Runco, M. 314
Russell, J. 243, 248
Russell, P. 26
Russo, F. 228
Ryan, C. 379
Ryan, R. M. 300
Rzeszutek, T. 177
Saarikallio, S. 258
Sacks, O. 197, 226
Sadie, S. 175
Saeedi, S. 376
Saffran, J. 165
Sakakibara, A. 143
Sakka, L. 209
salesmanship 79
sales of music products 399
Salewski, B. 379
Salgado, A. 312
Salmon, P. 379
SAM (Spreading Activation Model) 242
Sami 178, 178
Sanderson, H. 34
sand painting 19
Sandresky, M. 26 – 27
Sataloff, R. 375 – 376, 382
savants, musical 198
Savvidou, P. 374
Sawyer, R. K. 319
scaffolding 338
Schaerlaeken, S. 228
Schäfer, T. 278, 384
Schellenberg, E. 143, 167, 178
schemata 159 – 160, 241, 250
Schenker, H. 175
Schiavio, A. 30
schizophrenia 41
Schlaug, G. 212, 213
Schleuter, S. 272
Schmuckler, M. 172
Schoenberg, A. 315
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) 342 – 343
school, music at 390; choral singers 282 – 283, 307, 376; as part of curriculum 6, 401
Schubert, E. 175, 175, 242, 259, 277, 285, 307, 312
science of beauty 26 – 28
Scott, S. 336
SDT (self-determination theory) 300
Sears, William W. 361
Seashore, C. 9, 11, 11, 13 – 14, 23, 26, 136, 291, 353, 407, 416; involvement with eugenics 33 – 35; model of musical perception 136, 136
Seashore Measures 34
sedative and stimulative music and physiological responses 218 – 219; facial gestures 228; heart rate 219 – 220; muscle tension 225; respiration 221, 230; skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230; temperature 222, 230
self-actualization 329, 330, 355, 361
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) 300
self-efficacy 303 – 304
self-esteem 288, 329, 361, 382
self-identity 31
self-knowledge 31
Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) 300, 301, 302
self-regulation 303
self-report 379
SEM (Strong Experiences with Music) 253, 255, 256, 331
sensorimotor cortex 211, 213, 293
sensorimotor homunculus 292, 293
sensorimotor stage of development 332
sexual selection, music’s role in 45
Shank, R. C. 317
Shepard tones 141
Sherbon, J. 271
Shimp, T. 249
shoppers 400, 400, 404
short-term memory 315
Short Test of Music Preferences (STOMP) 287
Shuter-Dyson, R. 271, 278
Siemens, G. 351 – 352
signal shapes see waveforms (signal shapes)
Silva, L. B. 149
Silverman, M. J. 364, 367
Simmons, A. 296
Simmons-Stern, N. 363
simple harmonic motion 97
Simpson, L. 283
singers: body movements 308, 308, 310; brain damage study 198; imaging musical performance 211; performance anxiety 379; personality traits 274; school choral 282 – 283, 307, 376; timbre 146, 148, 152; vocal expressivity 312; vocal health 375 – 376
singing and gender related issues 282 – 283
single wave cycle 92, 93
Sink, P. 328
skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230
Skinner, B. F. 325, 326, 328
Skouras, S. 194
Slatter, P. 285
Slaughter, F. 228
Slevc, L. 271
Sloboda, J. 155, 232, 236, 250, 256, 276, 277, 281, 298 – 299, 312, 314
Smith, G. E. 317
Smith, H. 291
social behaviors: at concerts 260, 395, 395; influence of music on 396 – 403; among listeners 395 – 396; music as socializing agent 396 – 399; among performing musicians 393 – 395; using music to modify 327; in workplace 399 – 401
social connectedness 41 – 42
Social Identity Theory (SIT) 280, 286
social institutions, validation of 75 – 76
social integration 76 – 77
social learning 334 – 339, 347 – 348
Social Learning and Imitation (Miller and Dollard) 336
social media 42, 355
social norms, enforcing conformity to 75
social organization 52 – 53, 54
social psychology 334 – 339
society, integration of 76 – 77
society, music in: in healthcare systems 391; at home 390; musical occupations 391; and physical activities 391; in politics 390, 401 – 403, 402, 404; professional and social music organizations 391; in religion 390; at school 390; for special occasions 390; in community 390; in marketplace 390; in media 391, 397, 403 – 404; in military 390 – 391; touching everyone 388 – 392; while travelling 391 society, reflected in music 392 – 396
sociology contributions to music psychology 7 – 8
Sofia Gubaidulina 27
somatic system disorder (SSD) 232
Somer, E. 385
Sosniak, L. 297
Sotho melodies 108
sound: defining 85 – 88; descriptors of 91; environment and 102 – 105; measuring and describing 91 – 102; morphing and vocoding 115; parameters of 89 – 91; speed of 89 – 90, 89
Sound Health Initiative 385
Sound Health Network 386
Sound pressure level (SPL) 94 – 96, 96, 145
soundscapes, natural 43 – 47
sound shields 274, 373
Southern, E. 79
spatial processing 115
special musicians 197
Spector, J. 377
Spintge, R. 368
spirituality and music 275 – 279
Sporns, O. 194
sport and music 391
Spreading Activation Model (SAM) 242
Springer, D. G. 245
SRL (self-regulated learning) 300, 301, 302
SSD (somatic system disorder) 232
stage fright see performance anxiety
Stahl, B. 370
Standley, J. 366
Stanton, H. 34
statistical learning in music 165, 170, 171 – 172, 179
Sternberg, R. 338
Stevens, C. 177, 416
stimulative and sedative music and physiological responses 218 – 219; facial gestures 228; heart rate 219 – 220; muscle tension 225; respiration 221, 230; skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230; temperature 222, 230
STOMP (Short Test of Music Preferences) 287
storytelling 77 – 78
Stravinsky, I. 314, 343 – 344
street vendors 79
stress 370 – 371, 382 – 383
string players: focal dystonia risk 377; imaging musical learning 213; motor skills 295; neuromusculoskeletal risks 376; personality traits 273
string theory 40
stroke patients 226, 365
Strong Experiences with Music (Gabrielsson) 410
Strong Experiences with Music (SEM) 253, 255, 256, 331
Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics (Berlyne) 26
Stumpf, C. 11
successive approximation 326
Sully, J. 11
Sundar, P. S. 123
supplementary motor cortex 293
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 41
survival benefits of music: language
acquisition 51, 54; music as way of knowing 51 – 52, 54; parent-infant bonding 47 – 51, 53 – 54; socialization of emotions 51; and social organization 52 – 53, 54
Sweller, J. 350
symbolic behaviors 19 – 20
symbolic representation 74
synapses 188 synesthesia 144 – 145
systematic desensitization 379 – 380
Tait, M. 31 tam-tams 113
Tanur, J. 282
task analysis 326
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom) 291, 340
Tchaikovsky, P.: Symphony No. 6 161 – 162, 162, 176, 242, 255
teaching of music: applying behaviorism to 326 – 327; Bruner’s theory of instruction 339; music learning and 353 – 354
technology 21 – 22, 63 – 65
teenagers: economic power of 398;
importance of music to 398; influence of popular music on 403; in-group favoritism 286; musical identities 280; time spent listening to music 396, 398
temperature 222, 230
Temperley, D. 176
Temperly, D. 143
Temple, M. 40
tempo 149, 220, 311, 312 – 313
Terao, Y. 198
tetrachords 108 TFT (thought-field therapy) 380
Thagard, P. 408
Thai music 108
Thaut, M. 192, 222
Thayer, R. 272
Theiler, A. 306
theory of instruction 339
Theunissen, N. C. M. 305
This is Your Brain on Music (Levitin) 185
Thoma, M. V. 258
Thomas, L. 413
Thompson, W. 228, 247
Thomson, C. J. 258
thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) 377
Thorndike, E. 325
thought-field therapy (TFT) 380
thought, musical 31
thrills/chills 227 – 228, 254, 398
thunderstick 61
Tillman, B. 192
timbre 98 – 99, 146 – 148, 152, 174
time 99 – 102, 102; and duration 148 – 149; and loudness 152; and pitch 152; and space 31; and timbre 152
time-dependency of human beings 42
timeline of early artistic behaviors 58 – 62
Timmers, R. 312
timpani 98, 113 – 114, 114
Timperley, H. 304
Titon, J. 58
Titze, I. 110
Tomovski, R. 172
tonality 169 – 172
tonal pitch space theory (TPST) 170
Tone Deaf and All Thumbs? (Wilson) 191
tone deafness 198
tone psychology 11
tonotopical organization 126, 129
tonotopicity 126
TOS (thoracic outlet syndrome) 377
Toscanini, A. 290 – 291
TPST (tonal pitch space theory) 170
trance, music induced 79
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 204
transmission and absorption of sound 103, 103
traveling with music 391
Trehub, S. 143, 144
Trevarthen, C. 50
Triadic Reciprocity model 337
Trimble, M. 228
Trost, W. 250
Tsay, C. J. 309
tubists 283
tuning systems 106 – 109; with diatonic tones 107; non-western 108 – 109; western 106 – 108
Uganda 108
Ukkola-Vuoti, L. 268
Ulatowska, H. 199
Ullén, F. 269, 299
Ulrich, J. W. 318
ultradian rhythms 41
The Unanswered Question (Ives) 30
unification 38 – 39, 394
universal traits in music making 68; see also invariant of music making
Ursatz 175, 175
Uttal, William R. 328
Vaitl, D. 231
valence 244
van Meer, J. P. 305
Vaquero, L. 211
VARK Model of learning 353
Varney, N. 69
Västfjäll, D. 236
Vaughn, B. 376
Vaughn, K. 271
Venus of Tan-Tan 59
Verdi, G., Overture to La Forza del Destino 167,
168 vervet monkeys, sounds of 45
vibraphone envelope 102
vibration: measuring and describing 91 – 102
Vienna Symphony 220, 378, 379, 382
Vierordt’s Law 149
Vinolo-Gil, M. J. 363 – 364
Viola, E. 385
violinists: body movements 309; imaging musical performance 211; imaging perception and cognition 208; neuropathy in 377; performance by Midori 290; quantity of practice 298; and reorganization of motor maps 204
violins: attack time 101; components of 112; gendered preference for 282; identifying tones 99, 100; proportions of 26; in Symphony No. 6 161 – 162, 162
Visser, B. 344
visual imagery 249
vocal cords 109, 109
vocal expressivity 312
vocal health 375 – 376
vocal tract 109, 109
voice, acoustics of 109 – 110
volley theory 139
Voltmer, E. 382
volume and density 152 – 153
von Békésy, G. 123
von Helmholtz, H. 11
von Tucher, B. 107
Vrana, S. 230
Vuust, P. 214
Vygotsky, L. 335, 336, 338
Wade, B. 70
Wager, T. 236
Wagner, M. 299
Waite, A. K. 304
Walker, J. 290
Wallaschek, R. 11
Walter, J. 373
Wan, X. 192
Wantanabe, D. 297
war dances 78, 78
Ward, D. 143
Ward, J. 145
Watson, J. B. 325, 328
waveforms (signal shapes) 96 – 99; changes in 100, 101, 102; formula 96; and loudness perception 152; and timbre 152; and timbre perception 146 – 148
wavelengths 93, 93, 104 – 105; formula 93 waves, defining 85
Webster, P. 315, 316, 420
Weinberger, N. 128
wellbeing, music and 383 – 385
Wertheimer, M. 156, 331
Wesseldiijk, L. W. 269
Westbury, I. 411
western music: tuning 106 – 108
West, M. 49 whales, sounds of 44, 44
Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning) (Jackson) 25
white matter 188, 204, 205, 213, 344
Whitfield, T. 285
Wiggins, J. 336
Wilkins, R. 32, 194
Willatts, P. 271
Williamon, A. 306, 380
Williams, W. 338
Williams Syndrome (WS) 197, 199, 266
Willisa, E. C. 414
Wilson, C. 221
Wilson, E. 226
Wilson, F. 191, 294
Winckel, F. 146
Windsor, L. 149
Wing, L. 342
Witvliet, C. 230
Wolfe, J. 221
Woody, R. 275, 310, 313
Worked Example technique 350 – 351, 355
working memory 162 – 163, 315, 319, 349
working memory capacity (WMC) 315
working to music 77
workplace, music in 399 – 401
world music: listening to 80, 155, 190; meters 150; music cognition and 177, 181, 196, 215
worship 276; see also religion and music; spirituality and music
Wu, L. 416
Wulf, W. 419
Wundt, W. 11
Xenakis, I. 28
xylophones 113 – 114, 114
Yao, B. 416
Yarbrough, C. 326, 328
Yeom, D. 268
Yerkes-Dodson law 380
Yinger, O. S. 245
Young, C. 400
Young, L. 410
Yuja Wang 231
Zarlino 10
Zatorre, R. 212, 221, 227
Zelenak, M. 304
Zentner, M. 130, 171, 244, 255
Zervoudakes, J. 282
Zhang, J. 416
Zhao, Q. 206
Zhukov, K. 306
Zimmerman, B. 301
Zone of Proximal (or Potential) Development (ZPD) 336
Zull, J. 346
Zumbansen, A. 369, 370
Zwaan, R. A. 419
Zweigenhaft, R. 287