Index

Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures, and page numbers in bold indicate tables in the text

Aarden, B. 171

Abeles, H. 282, 284, 285

Abelson, R. P. 317

absolute expressionism 24, 25

absolute formalism 24 – 25, 24

absolute pitch 142 – 144, 204

absolutism 24, 24, 25

Ackerman, D. 56

acoustics 8, 62, 135; cylindrical/conical bores 110 – 111; defining sound 85 – 88; environment affecting sound 102 – 105; measuring and describing sound 91 – 102; open/closed pipes 110 – 111, 111; parameters of sound 89 – 91; room 115 – 116; of voice 109 – 110

active learning 338, 346

AD (Alzheimer’s disease) 193 – 194, 197, 199, 363

adaptability of humans 18 – 19

Adult Personality Inventory 382

advertising, music in 79, 391, 399 – 401

AERA (American Educational Research Association) 6

Aerophones 69, 109, 110 – 112

aesthetic enjoyment of music 72

aesthetic experiences 30, 32

aesthetic judgments 250

aesthetics 26; experimental 26, 251, 251; golden mean and mathematical influences 26 – 28

Aesthetics and Psychobiology (Berlyne) 26

aesthetic sensitivity 22 – 23

Aesthetic Trinity Theory (ATT) 253 – 256

affective learning 341

Aha! learning 332, 340

Ahmed, L. 79

Aho, M. 310

Aiken, L. 221

Alexander, S. 40

Alexander Technique 380

Alladiya Khan 72

Allesch, C. G. 417

Altenmüller, E. 296

altered states of consciousness 67, 79, 324

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 193 – 194, 197, 199, 363

American Educational Research Association (AERA) 6

American Eugenics Society (AES) 33

AMES (Aversive Musical Experience Scale) 246

amplitude 91, 94 – 96; and duration 152; and loudness 145, 146; and pitch 150 – 152, 151; in Seashore’s model of musical perception 136; and timbre 152; and volume and density 152 – 153

amplitude envelopes 100, 101

amusia 131 – 132, 196 – 198

ancient Greeks 4, 10, 16, 39

Anderson, L. 341, 342

Andrews, E. 383

Andrews, N. 379

Angus, J. 85, 114 – 115

ANS (autonomic nervous system) 231 – 232, 237

anthropology 6, 8, 58, 80, 196

The Anthropology of Music (Merriam) 69

anti-social attitudes 402

ants, sounds of 43

anxiety 273, 370 – 371; see also performance anxiety

Anxiety Scale Questionnaire 379

anxiolytic music 368

Apache war dances 78, 78

ape vocalizations 45

aphasia 198, 369 – 370

Appler, J. M. 127

Apple Music 27

applied research 412 – 413

apraxia of speech (AOS) 370

Arabian music 108

Argyle, M. 278

Aristotle 10, 33

arousal model 245

arousal potential 285

art: prehistoric 62 – 63; and technology 63 – 65; timeline of early artistic behaviors 58 – 62

artificial intelligence (AI) 351, 355, 355

artificial reverberation 115

artistic abilities and musical ability 272

ascending auditory pathway 126

Ashley, R. 249, 312

ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian responses) 246

Atkins, P. 277

attendance at musical events 399, 400

audiate 354

audiation 163, 354

audio-motor systems 296 – 297

auditory cortex 127 – 132, 128, 212; in children after taking piano lessons 213; and dyslexia 364; in musicians 199, 201, 212

auditory hair cells 123 – 125, 124; and loudness 146; and sense of pitch 123 – 125, 124

auditory scene analysis 159 – 162; attention spotlights 160; auditory stream segregation 129 – 130, 161 – 162, 161; cocktail party phenomenon 160 – 161; schemata 159 – 160

auditory stream segregation 161 – 162, 161; in infants 129 – 130

aural acuity 271; see also audiate; audiation

Austin, J. 303

Ausubel, D. 340

autism 40, 198, 363

automatic double tracking (ADT) 115

autonomic nervous system (ANS) 231 – 232, 237

autonomous sensory meridian responses (ASMR) 246

Aversive Musical Experience Scale (AMES) 246

axon 188, 188, 189

Ayres, P. 350

Baadjou, V. 376

Babbitt, M. 395

babies: auditory cortex development in 129 – 132; auditory stream segregation in 129 – 130; brain, growth of 48; emotional processing of music 209; musical behaviors 149, 196; music as a socializing agent 397; music therapy for premature and newborn 365 – 366; parent-infant bonding 47 – 51, 53 – 54, 397; rhythms, impact on infants 41; rhythm and language acquisition 179 – 180; singing lullabies to 68, 77, 397; stages of development and musical development 332 – 334; statistical learning tasks 165, 179; vocalizations 49 – 50, 130, 179, 332

Bach, J. S. 27, 410; chorale prelude, BWV 645 161, 161; Fugue in d minor, BWV 565 27; Goldberg Variations 24; Italian Concerto 203, 311; PET scans while performing works of 203; Suite No. 1 for Unaccompanied Cello 160 – 161, 161

Backus, J. 146

bagpipes band 3, 3

Baharloo, S. 142

Baker, F. 410

Ballot, C. B. 8

Bandura, A. 303, 337, 337

Bangert, M. 213, 296

Barbot, B. 315

Bartholomew, W. 85

Bartlett, D. 218

Bartok, B., Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion 27

basal ganglia 294 – 296

basic research 412 – 413

bass drums 113, 113

Beach, A. 144 beat induction 149

BeatWalk 365 Beaty, R. 319

beauty: in aesthetic experiences 32; science of 26 – 28

Becker, J. 58

Bednarik, R. 59

Beethoven, L. van 27; Ninth Symphony 157; Piano Sonata, Op. 2, No. 3 157, 158; Symphony No. 1 167 – 168, 168

behavior see social behaviors, influence of music on

behavioral psychology 325 – 328, 355

Behrens, G. 311

Bell, A. G. 94

Benade, A. 85

Beranek, L. L. 115

Berg, M. 303

Bergeson, T. R. 144

Berkowitz, A. 211 – 212, 319

Berlyne, D. 26, 285

Bermudez, J. 212

Bernstein, L. 144

beta-blockers 381

Bharucha, J. 170

Bhattacharya, J. 304

Biasutti, M. 384

Bidelman, G. M. 173

Bigand, E. 167, 170

big, hairy audacious goal (BHAG) 419, 420

Billroth, T. 11

biofeedback training 380

biological differences, human and animals 17 – 18

biological evolution 19, 38, 48, 51

biology contributions to music psychology 5 – 6

BioMusic 5

Bird, H. 376

Biswas-Diener, R. 418

Blacking, J. 4, 67 – 68, 80

Blackwell, J. 304, 305

Blair, M. 249

Blood, A. 208, 221, 227

blood-oxygen saturation levels 222

blood pressure 220 – 221, 230, 368 – 369, 378

blood volume 222

Bloom, B. 291, 297, 340, 342

bodily health 376 – 378

bodily responses to music: physical responses 225 – 229; physiological responses 217 – 225; psychophysiological responses 229 – 232

body movements: and coordination of entrances 309; and musical cues for expressiveness 310 – 313; in musical performance 307 – 310; in response to music 228 – 229, 229

Boer, D. 417

Boethius 10, 27

Boghdady, M. 369

bonding, parent-infant 47 – 51, 53 – 54, 397

Bonny, H. 324

Boston Symphony Hall 115, 116

Botvin, G. 333

Bourke, R. 278

Brahms, J. 290; Symphony No. 1 158

brain, the 128, 187; alterations in relation to musical experiences 212 – 213; basal ganglia 294; cerebellum 187, 188, 211, 214, 294, 295; corpus callosum 203, 212, 213, 292, 294; critical periods 190 – 191; ears and connections to 125 – 127; gray matter 186, 188, 211, 212 – 213, 344; introduction to 186 – 195; learning cycle matching structure of 346 – 347, 349; multisensory integration 194 – 195, 195; music and (see neuromusical research findings); neural networks 191 – 194, 191, 193, 208, 211, 347; neuromotor aspects of music making 292 – 294; plasticity 189 – 190, 212; premotor cortex 293; pruning 190; sensorimotor cortex 211, 213, 293; size 344; supplementary motor cortex 293; white matter 188, 204, 205, 344; see also auditory cortex

brainstem reflexes 249

Brandfonbrener, A. 377

brass players: loudness of instruments 146, 373; neuropathy in 299, 377; personality traits 273; respiration 221

Brattico, E. 210

Braun, A. R. 316

BRECVEMA model 249 – 250

Bregman, A. 159

Bremmer, M. 310

Bronowski, J. 65

Brown, S. 192

Bruer, J. 191

Bruner, J. 31, 339 – 340, 354, 417

Bruscia, K. 359

Builione, R. 274

Bullmore, E. 194

bullroarers 60

Burns, D. 249

buskers, in Belgium 393

Butler, C. 382

Buttram, J. 325

Butzlaff, R. 271

Byo, J. 307

Byrne, C. 338

Byron, T. 177, 416

Cacioppo, J. 230

Campbell, J. 180

Campbell, P. 397

Campbell, W. 29, 409

Carlson, E. 259

Carnegie Hall 115

Carollo, A. 206

Carroll, C. L. 415

cave painting 59 – 63, 63

CDs 64 – 65

celebrations 21, 66, 66, 75, 390

ceramics, development of 64

cerebellum 187, 188, 211, 214, 294, 295

cerebral cortex 186, 188, 209

cerebral palsy 363 – 364

ceremonies 66, 67, 74, 75 – 76, 77, 79, 396

Chaffin, R. 298, 311

chaining 326

Chambers, C. 421

Chandra X-Ray Observatory 39 – 40

changing-note pattern 168, 168

chemical responses to music 222, 223225

Chen, D. 222 child prodigies 197

children: critical role of parental involvement 297, 299; development of personal identity 280 – 281; early musical training 142, 211, 295, 297 – 298, 301; gender associations with instrument preferences 282; music as socializing agent 397; stages of development and musical development 332 – 334; study of brain structure in children taking piano lessons 213; see also babies

chills/thrills 227 – 228, 254, 398

Chinn Cannon, M. 364

Chmiel, A. 285

Chopin, F. 172, 312

choral singing 282 – 283, 307, 376, 379

chordophones 69, 109, 111, 112

Chronobiology International (journal) 41

Chung, J. 284, 285 circadian rhythms 41

clarinets: bodily health of players 376, 377 – 378; distinguishing guitars from 100, 101; gendered preferences for 282; identifying tones 99, 100; loudness 146

Clarke, E. 317, 319

classical music: conductorless 395; emotional reactions to 253; expectancy theory in 166; music reading 306; personality traits of audiences for 288; preferences for 285; social behaviors among audiences at 260, 395

Clayton, M. 72, 74, 75, 77, 249

Clynes, M. 242 – 243, 245, 290

CMT (Cognitive-Musical Training) 365

coaching 338

cochlea 121 – 125, 123, 124, 126 – 127, 137

Coffman, D. 306

cognitive approaches to music learning 328 – 349, 355; cognitive neuroscience 346 – 349, 355; cognitive psychology 339 – 346, 355; developmental psychology 332 – 334; Gestalt psychology 331 – 332, 355; humanistic psychology 329 – 331, 355; social psychology 334 – 339

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 370

cognitive learning 340 – 341

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) 349 – 351, 355; Explicit Instruction 349 – 350, 355; Worked Examples 350 – 351, 355

Cognitive-Musical Training (CMT) 365

cognitive neuroscience 29, 32, 346 – 349, 355

cognitive psychology 339 – 346, 355; affective learning 341; cognitive learning 340 – 341; and music cognition 345 – 346; music intelligence 342 – 345; psychomotor learning 341; reflective thinking 345 – 346; taxonomies 340 – 342; textbooks on 346

cognitive skills 299 – 307; mental rehearsal 305 – 306; metacognition 303; motivation 303; music reading 306 – 307; quality of practice 300 – 305; self-efficacy 303 – 304; self-regulation 303

Colley, A. 287

Collier, G. 247

Collins, J. 419 Colwell, R. 342

communication, music as 73 – 74

communicative musicality 50

community, music in the 390

compact discs (CDs) 64 – 65

compression-rarefaction cycle 87 – 88, 88, 90, 94, 103 – 105

concrete operational stage of development 332

conductors: behavior and effect on students 328; a factor in singers’ anxiety 379; performance heart rate 220; Toscanini 290 – 291; working with 379, 395

congenital amusia 198

connectivism 351 – 353, 355

Connolly, C. 306

conservation 332 – 333, 333

consonance-dissonance 173

constructive interference 105

constructivism 335

continuous response digital interface (CRDI) 244

convergence zones 194 – 195, 195

convergent thinking (CT) 315

Cook, P. 144

Cook, T 258

coordination of action 77

corpophones 69, 109, 112 – 114

corpus callosum 203, 212, 213, 292, 294

court music 79 – 80, 159

courtship, music in 398

Cowan, A. 34

CRDI (continuous response digital interface) 244

creative thinking 315, 316

creativity, musical see musical creativity critical band 136 – 137

critical periods 190 – 191

Cro-Magnons 60, 63, 64

Croom, A. M. 385

Cross, I. 67, 421

Crow, C. 78

Csikszentmihalyi, M. 255 – 256, 304, 397

cubital tunnel syndrome 377

Cuddy, L. 169

cue abstraction 177, 181

cultural development 19

cultural music psychology 417 – 418

cultural neuroscience 417

culture, music and: continuity and stability of 76; cross-cultural comparative research 177 – 179, 196; and different social behaviors at performances 260; and lack of sensitivity to other 129, 190; learning about one’s own 170 – 171, 180; literature 58; rhythm 38, 180; symbolic representation 74; and understanding emotional expression 69; unifying national culture 77

Curtis, N. 77

Curwen, A. J. 12

Cutietta, R. 307

cymatics 98, 99

cymbals 98, 113, 150, 209, 215

Dahl, S. 311

Daintith, J. 85

dance 73, 75, 76, 397

Daniele, J. 180

Danuser, B. 230, 232

Darwin, C. 45

DAT (Dynamic Attending Theory) 174

Davey, N. 226

Davidson, J. 280, 303, 308, 309, 310

Davies, J. B. 273

Davis, W. 222

Dawson, W. 25

Deary, I. 343

decibels 94 – 95, 95, 96, 145 – 146; formulae 95; and hearing health 372; standards 372

DeCorte, E. 338

default mode network (DMN) 33, 319

deliberate practice 298 – 299, 298, 300

Deliège, I. 176, 177

dementia 193, 199, 363

Demorest, S. 178, 196

dendrites 188, 188

density 90, 152 – 153

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 266 – 267, 267

depression 232, 383

Descartes, R. 28, 28, 409

Destined to Fail: Carl Seashore ’s World of Eugenics, Psychology, Education, and Music (Koza) 33

destructive interference 105

Deutsch, D 143

developmental psychology 332 – 334

de Vries, B. 243

Dewey, J. 336, 345

Diaz, F. M. 304

Dibben, N. 280

Diener, E. 418

diffraction 104, 104

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 204

digital signal processing (DSP) 114

disciplines contributing to music psychology 5 – 10, 13

discovery learning 340

discrimination learning 354

divergent thinking (DT) 315

DMN (default mode network) 33, 319

Dogruoz Karatekin, B. 364

Dollard, J. 336

Doppler effect 8

dosebadges 270, 373, 373

dos Santos, R. 247 – 248

Douglas, G. 79

Douglas, S. 271

Dowling, W. 160, 250

Downes, S. 352

Drayna, D. 142

drugs 381 – 382

drums: and altered states of consciousness 67; bass 113, 113; and gender preferences for 282; in healing 79; jongo 73; prehistoric 62, 65; talking 73 – 74

Dubos, R. 65

Duerksen, G. 153

Duke, R. 296, 327

duration 148 – 150, 152

Dyce, J. 274, 383

Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT) 174

dynamic programming 176, 181

dyslexia 364 – 365

dysrhythmia 40 – 41

dystonia 377

Eagle, C. T., Jr. 4, 145, 361, 420

Eargle, J. 85

earplugs 373, 373, 373 – 374

ears: to brain 125 – 127; inner 122 – 125; middle 121 – 122; outer 120 – 121

Eastman Project 34

ECoG (electrocorticography) 201

economic power of young people 398

economy, music in the 396, 399

education system and music 6 – 7

Edwards, J. 366

Eerola, T. 130, 244

Egyptian Fresco and Greek Vase Painting 61

Einstein, A. 39, 344

Eisner, E. 31

elastic, defining 86

electrocorticography (ECoG) 201

electroencephalography (EEG) 200, 201, 306, 379

electronic music instruments 65, 114 – 115

electrophones 69, 109, 114 – 115

Eliot, T. S. 343 – 344

Ellington, D. 25, 144

Elmer-DeWitt, P. 65

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) 380

emotional contagion 249

emotional expression through music 32, 47, 68 – 69, 72

Emotional Regulation (ER) 257 – 259

Emotion and Meaning in Music (Meyer) 25, 410

emotions, musical: and admiration 248; Aesthetic Trinity Theory (ATT) 253 – 256; Berlyne’s model of 251, 251, 285; of composers 255; defining emotions 236; in everyday musical experiences 256 – 259; expectations and role in 239 – 242; flow theory 255 – 256, 304; imaging of 208 – 210; induced (emotivist position) 235, 248 – 253, 248, 260; laws of emotion applied to 252 – 253; linking psychophysiological variables to emotional responses 229 – 232; McMullen’s model of 251 – 252, 252; measuring 242 – 246; peak experiences theory 255 – 256, 330; perceived (cognitivist position) 235, 246 – 248, 247, 260; of performers 255; Russell’s model of 247 – 248; and social behaviors at concerts 260; socialization of 51; Strong Experiences with Music (SEM) 253, 255, 256, 331

engravings 59, 62

entertainment, function of music as 72 – 73

entrainment 42 envelopes 100, 101102, 148, 148

environment and sound 102 – 105

episodic memory 249

equalization 115

Equal Loudness Contours 96, 97, 146, 147

equal-tempered tuning 106 – 108, 107

ER (Emotional Regulation) 257 – 259

Ercikan, K. 414

Ericsson, K. 298, 299

Erkkinen, M. 211 – 212, 319

ERPs (event-related potentials) 201 – 202, 207

ESM (Experience Sampling Method) 246,

249, 257, 259, 397

ethnic identity 76

ethnomusicology 6, 8, 57, 58, 67, 70, 196

ethology 196

eugenics 33 – 35

evaluative conditioning 249

Evans, P. 300, 349

event hierarchy 175

event-related potentials (ERPs) 201 – 202, 207

evolutionary theory 37 – 38, 53; see also survival benefits of music

Ewalds-Kvist, B. 369

exercise and music 391

expectancy theory 165 – 169, 239 – 242, 249 – 250

expectancy-value theory 303

Experience Sampling Method (ESM) 246, 249, 257, 259, 397

experimental aesthetics 26

Explicit Instruction 349 – 350, 355

expressionism: absolute 24, 25; referential 24

expressivity, musical 307 – 313; body movements 307 – 310; in different cultures 69; musical cues for expressiveness 310 – 313

extrinsic learning experiences 330

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) 380

eye movements and reading music 306 – 307

Fabiani, M. 152

facial gestures 228

fading 338

Fancourt, D. 371

Farb, P. 22

Farnsworth, P 271

Fasano, M. C. 204

fast-path–slow-path model 239, 240

Faulkner, R. 280

Fechner, G. T. 11, 26

feedback 305; biofeedback 380; forms of 304; informative 304; positive 326 – 327, 354

Feed-Forward 304, 305

Feed-Up 304, 305

feelings, music 30

festivals 75 – 76, 77

Fibonacci Sequence 26 – 27, 27

filtering 114

Fink, L. K. 385

Fischer, R. 417

Fishbein, M. 381

fish choruses, sounds of 44

flanging 115

Fleischer, L. 377

Fleming, N. D. 353

Fletcher, H. 146

Fletcher-Munson Curves 146, 147

floating intentionality 67

flow theory 255 – 256, 304, 315 – 316

flutes 110; bodily health of players 376; bone 46 – 47, 47; gendered preferences for 282; identifying tones 99, 100; in non-Western music 73, 76; prehistoric 60, 60, 62; wavelengths and frequencies 94 fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) 204, 207

fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) 205, 206, 207

focal dystonia 299, 377

Foley, E. 333

Folkestad, G. 280, 415

Forgeard, M. 348

formalism 24 – 25, 24

formal music experiences 413 – 415

formal operational stage of development 332

Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Core Readings (Levitin) 346

Fourier, J-B., J. 99

Fourier Theorem 99 – 100, 100, 101

Francis, L. 278

frequency 91 – 94; and density 153; formulae 91, 93; and loudness 146, 147, 152; and pitch 137 – 139, 138; and pitch 92; and sound absorption 103; and speed of sound 90 – 91, 91; and timbre 152; wavelengths of 93

Frequency of Abnormal Movements Scale 377

Freud, S. 322, 324, 325, 344

Friberg, A. 152, 311

Fridja, N. 252

Frieler, K. 418

Froelich, H. 339

frogs, sounds of 43

Fujioka, T. 172

functional harmony 170

functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI) 204, 207

functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) 205, 206, 207

functions and roles of music in society: aesthetic enjoyment 72; into battle 78 – 79; ceremonies and festivals 66, 67, 74, 75 – 76, 77, 79, 396; communication 73 – 74; coordination of action 77; court 79 – 80; cultural stability and continuity 76; dance 75; emotional expression 68 – 69, 72; enjoyment 72 – 73; entertainment 72 – 73; ethnic identity 76; games 72 – 73, 74; healing 79, 360, 361; individual’s emotional/cognitive/physiological state 72; lullabies 77; mediation between self and others 75; physical responses to music 75; in religion 75 – 76; salesmanship 79; social institutions, validation of 75 – 76; social integration 76 – 77; social norms, enforcing conformity to 75; storytelling 77 – 78; symbolic representation 74; and trance 79; work accompaniment 77

Gaab, N. 296

Gabrielsson, A. 25, 217, 242, 243, 253, 255 – 256,

277 – 278, 331, 409, 410, 420

Gadamer, H-G. 279

Gagné, F. 291

Gagné, R. 354

Galen 10

Galton, F. 33

galvanic skin responses (GSR) 221

The Games Black Girls Play (Gaunt) 73

games, musical 72 – 73, 74

gap-fill melody 167, 168

Gardner, H. 314, 343 – 344, 355

Garland, J. 309

Garlin, F. 400

Gaser, C. 212

Gaston, E. 4, 145, 218, 361

gastric motility 222

Gaunt, K. 73

Geertz, C. 417

GEMS (Geneva Emotional Music Scale) 255

gender: associations with instruments 282, 283; identity 280; and musical ability 271; and psychophysiological responses 232; related issues regarding singing 282 – 283

generational identity 281

Generative Theory of Tonal Music (GTTM) 175 – 176, 176, 181

genes, musical 142, 212, 266 – 268

genetic acquisition 269 – 270

Geneva Emotional Music Scale (GEMS) 255

genres, preferences for musical 283 – 286

Geringer, J. 409

Gerling, C. 247 – 248

GERMS model 310 – 311

Gestalt psychology 156 – 158, 161, 166, 331 – 332, 355

Ghana 108

gharana 72

Gillespie, W. 274

GIM (Guided Imagery and Music) 324

Giordano, B. 174

Gjerdingen, R. 159

Gjermunds, N. 275

Gladwell, M. 297

Glasser, S. 142, 145

Gold, B. P. 250

Goldberg, L. 287

Golden Hall of Musikverein Vienna 116

golden mean 26 – 28

Goller, A. I. 145

Gomez, P. 230, 232

gongs 112 – 113, 113

Goodrich, L. V. 127

goosebumps 227, 227

Gordon, E. 163, 271, 355

Gosling, S. 287

Gould, G. 25

Gowers, W. 11

Graduate Records Examinations (GRE) 342

Graffman, G. 377

Graham, G. 32

Graham, M. 344

Granot, R. Y. 385

gray matter 186, 188, 211, 212 – 213, 344

Green, L. 421

Green, S. 311

Greenberg, D. M. 286

Gregory, A. 69, 71, 72 – 74, 75 – 80

Gregory, T. 307

Griesser, M. 45

Groll-Knapp, E. 378

Gross, J. 258

group identity 31, 76

group knowledge 31

group learning 347

GSR (galvanic skin responses) 221

GTTM (Generative Theory of Tonal Music) 175 – 176, 176, 181

Guhn, M. 230, 232

Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) 324

Guilford, J. P. 343

guitars: distinguishing clarinets from 100, 101; effective practice strategies 306; imaging musical performance 211; learning to play 346 – 348; personality of guitarists 274; practice strategies 306

Gurney, E. 11

Gustavson, D. 367

Guthrie, E. 325

gyrification 186

Haack, P. 31, 145, 150

Haider, M. 378

Hall, D. 116, 137, 146

Hallam, S. 303

Halpern, A. 144

Handel, S. 140

Hanley, B. 411

Hanna, W. 342

Hannon, E. 180

Hanser, W. E. 228

Hanson, H. 34

Hargreaves, D. 26, 258, 279, 284, 285, 339

harmonics 97, 98, 99

harmonies 108

harpsichord 107

Harrer, G. 226

Harrer, H. 226

Hartmann, W. 85

Harwood, D. 250

Hattie, J. 304

The Haunting Melody (Reik) 324

Hawaii 75

Haydn, F. J. 27; Surprise Symphony 209, 239; Symphony No. 104 245

healing 79, 360, 361

health, music and: music and wellbeing 383 – 385; music medicine 367 – 371; music therapy 359 – 367; performing arts medicine 371 – 383 healthcare: messages through songs 77 – 78; music in 391 hearing 106; ear to brain mechanism 125 – 127; health 372 – 374; inner ear 122 – 125; mechanism 119 – 127, 121; middle ear 121 – 122; outer ear 120 – 121; range 91; thresholds of 145; time-ordered 42, 53; see also auditory cortex

heart rate and pulse rate 219 – 220, 227, 230, 380 – 381

heavy metal music 287, 402

Hedden, S. 140, 152

Heifetz, J. 309, 309

Heller, J. 29, 409

hemispheric asymmetry 130

Hertz, H. 92, 92

Hess, J. 415

Hevner, K. 242, 243, 244

Hierarchy of Human Needs 329, 329

Hills, P. 278

Hirsch, I. 150

history of music psychology 10 – 11

Hodges, D. 192, 210, 230, 306

Hofstadter, D. 27

home, music at 269, 334, 390

homeostasis 42

Honing, H. 201

Hornbostel-Sachs system 111

horses, sounds of 43 – 44

Howard, D. 85, 107, 114 – 115

Howe, M. 281

Hull, C. 325

human, and musical nature 16 – 23

Human Brain Project 419

Human Genome Project 266, 270

humanistic psychology 329 – 331, 355

Hume, D. 28, 28, 409

humor 21

Hunter, J. 397

Huron, D. 32, 143, 170, 171, 172, 241, 409

Hutchinson, S. 212

Hyde, K. 213

hyperscanning 205 – 208

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis 231 – 232

Ibn Hindu 10

Icagasioglu, A. 364

identity, musical 279 – 281; and ethnic or group identity 76; and instrument preferences 282 – 283; links to musical personality 279 – 281; preferences for musical genres 283 – 286 idiophones 69, 109, 112 – 114

IDS (infant-directed speech) 49, 49

imaging: affective responses to music 208 – 210; musical performance 211 – 212; music learning 212 – 213; music perception and cognition 208

imaging techniques for studying music 200 – 208; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 204; electroencephalography (EEG) 200, 201, 306, 379; event-related potentials (ERPs) 201 – 202, 207; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 204, 207; functional near-infrared spectroscopy 205, 206, 207; hyperscanning 205 – 208; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 203 – 204, 207; magnetoencephalography (MEG) 202 – 203, 207; positron emission tomography (PET) 203, 203, 207, 295 – 296; transcranial magnetic stimulation 204 IMEs (intense musical experiences) 384 – 385

immune system 370 – 371

Implication-Realization Model 178, 250

improvisation 211, 316 – 319 Imreh, G. 298

Inderal 381 – 382

India 72, 108; restaurants in 392

induced musical emotions (emotivist position) 235, 248 – 253, 248, 260

infant-directed speech (IDS) 49, 49

inference learning 354

inferior parietal lobule (IPL) 238

informal music experiences 413 – 415

infradian rhythms 41

inheritance/acquisition of musicality debate 265 – 272

initial time-delay gap (ITDG) 116

inner ear 122 – 125

In Search of Beauty, a scientific Approach to Musical Esthetics (Seashore) 26

instruments: adult beginners 191; categories of 69; early 46, 59 – 60, 64; learning to play 346 – 348; parental involvement in children’s practice 297, 299; and personality 274; practice quality and quantity 298 – 299, 300 – 305; preferences for 282 – 283

intelligence and relationship with musical ability 271; see also music intelligence

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 342

intense musical experiences (IMEs) 384 – 385

interaction rhythms 41

interference 105, 105

interonset interval (IOI) 173

intrinsic learning experiences 330

introversion 273

intuitive thinking 340

invariant of music making 67 – 80; difficulties defining terms 67 – 68; and functions and roles in societies 69 – 80; identifying universal traits 68; statistical universals, looking at 69 – 70, 70

invariants: altered states of consciousness 67, 79; celebrations 66, 66; dance 75; religion 65 – 66; see also invariant of music making inverted-U model 285

IOI (interonset interval) 173

Iorio, C. 305

Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) 342

 IPL (inferior parietal lobule) 238

isochrony 45

Israel 77, 280

ITPRA Theory of Expectation 241

It’s Never Too Late (Holt) 191

Iverson, P. 152

Ives, C. 30

Iwanaga, M. 221, 227

Jackendoff, R. 175, 176, 181

Jackson, A. 25

Jackson, J. H. 11

Jacob, U. S. 370

Jaeger, G. 314

Janata, P. 192

Jäncke, L. 220, 295

Jankowsky, R. 79

Jansens, S. 312

Janzen, T. 192

Järvelä, I. 268

Jewish diaspora 76

Johnson, C. 352 – 353

Johnson, J. 199

Johnson-Laird, P. N. 317, 318 – 319

Johnston, I. 85

Jonaitis, E. 165

Jones, M. 174

jongo 73

Jørgensen, H. 291

journals: reflective thinking articles 345; related to music 391; world music articles 58

Juchniewicz, J. 309

judgments, musical 276 – 277 jump-rope songs 73, 73

Juslin, P. 209, 235, 236, 249, 310, 312, 313

Just intonation 106, 107

just noticeable difference (JND) 140 – 141

Karageorghis, C. I. 232

Karma, K. 364

Kastner, J. D. 415

Katagiri, J. 363

Kemp, A. 35, 273, 279

Kendall, J. 341, 342

Kendall, R. 148

Kennedy, M. 414

Kenny, D. T. 378, 382, 414

Khalfa, S. 230

Kimura, D. 127

King, B. B. 309, 309

knowing, music as way of 29 – 31, 51 – 52, 54, 344

knowledge and human 23

knowledge system, musical 29 – 31

Koch, S. 41

Koelsch, S. 194, 220, 384, 385

Koffka, K. 156, 331

Köhler, W. 156, 305, 331

Konečni, V. J. 230, 242, 253, 254 – 256

Koshimori, Y. 222

Kotz, S. A. 370

Koza, J. 33, 35

Krakauer, P. M. 417

Krakouer, L. 364

Krathwohl, D. 341, 342

Krause, B. 45 – 46

Krishnan, A. 173

Krumhansl, C. 152, 169, 171, 178, 222, 230

Kuckelkorn, K. L. 275

Kuhn, T. 328

Kunchur, M. 119

Kung culture 70 – 71

Kung tribe 79

Kupers, E. 300

Kwak, E. 364

labor, women in 370, 371

Lach, R. 11

Lamont, A. 280

Lamothe, V. C. 353

Langer, S. 29

language: acquisition 51, 180; and relationship with music 179 – 181; tonal 142 – 143, 179, 180

Larsen, J. 230

‘laurel leaf’ blade 64

laws of emotion 252 – 253

learning see music learning LeBlanc, A. 379

Lederman, R. 377

Lee, D. 212

Lehmann, A. 178, 312

Lehrer, P. 378

Leipold, B. 258

Lennox, A. 310

Lerdahl, F. 170, 175 – 176

Levitin, D. 144, 199, 287, 346

Levitt, D. A. 318

Levy, S. 378

Lewin, K. 335, 337

Libera, R. 373

life space 335, 335, 337

Limb, C. J. 316

limbic system 187, 209, 209, 237 – 238, 238

Lim, S. 306

Lindström, E. 243, 409

Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 245

Linnemann, A. 231

Linos, D. 370

Linson, A. 319

Lippman, L. 306

Lipps, T. 11

Lipton, J. 273, 274

literature overview 12 – 13; publications 1800 – 2010 12

lithophones 60

Liu, X. 268

Liu, Y. 213

LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 245

Lock, J. 352

Loepthien, T. 258

London, J. 149, 174

Loosen, F. 107

Lordier, L. 366

loudness 96; perception of 145 – 146, 147, 152

“Loudness, Its Definition, Measurement and Calculation” (Fletcher and Munson) 146

Loudness Level Contours 96, 97, 146, 147

loudness processing 115

love 20 – 21, 48 – 50

LSD therapy 145

Lubart, T. 315

lullabies 68, 77, 397

Lundqvist, L.-O. 230, 232

MacArthur, S. L. 303

Mace, S. 373 – 374

Mach, E. 11

MacLellan, C., 275

Macnamara, B. N. 269

Madsen, C. 244, 299, 326, 409

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 203 – 204, 207

magnetoencephalography (MEG) 202 – 203, 207, 364

Mahler, A. 324, 325

Mahler, G. 324, 325

Maimonides 10

Malloch, S. 50, 310

Mandarin Chinese 179

manic-depression 41

Marazano, R. 341, 342

Marchand, D. 313

marching band 66, 373, 394, 394

marimbas 113 – 114, 114, 311, 311

Marin, M. M. 304

Marion-St-Onge, C. 197

Markus, G. 191

Marsh, K. 73

Martin, A. J. 349

Martindale, C. 285

Martinez, M. 192

Martin, R. 267

Marvin, E. 143

Maslow, A. 31, 255, 329 – 331, 329

Mason, L. 6

mathematical influences on aesthetics 26 – 28

Mazziotta, J. 295

McAdams, S. 174

McCormick, J. 303

McDermott, A. 59

McGraw-Hill 85

McKeage, K. 282

McMullen, P. 251

McPhee, E. 313

McPherson, G. 197, 301 – 307, 350, 412

meantone tuning 106, 107

media, music in 391, 397, 403 – 404

medium, defining 86 MEG (magnetoencephalography) 364

Mehl, M. 281

Mélen, M. 176

melodic contour 157, 172 – 173, 180; of infant

vocalization 51, 130, 179

melodic fission/fusion 161

Melodic-Intonation Therapy (MIT) 369 – 370

melody and harmony 172 – 173

membranophones 69, 109, 112 – 114

memory, creativity and 314 – 315

memory, musical 53, 162 – 165, 345

mental health issues 378 – 383

mental rehearsal 305 – 306

Merker, B. 47

Merriam, A. 69, 70, 70, 72 – 77, 404

MET (Musical Expression Test) 315

metacognition 303

meter 149 – 150

Meyer, J. 85, 420

Meyer, L. 25, 164, 166, 168, 169, 249, 250, 410

Meyer, M. 212

Meyer, R. 296

mice, sounds of 43

microanalysis 301, 350

middle ear 121 – 122

Middlestadt, S. 381

Midori 290 – 291

Miklaszewski, K. 298

Miksza, P. 301, 304, 411 – 412

military music 78 – 79, 390 – 391

Miller, G. 45

Miller, L. 198

Miller, N. 336

Mills, C. 353

Mills, J. 35

Miranda, D. 418

mirror neurons 296 – 297, 306, 347

missing fundamental 138 – 139, 140

Miyake, A. 271

Miyazaki, K. 143

Mizener, C. 282

MMN (music listening, and mismatch negativity) 201, 202

modeling 338

model of music psychology 5 – 10, 5

monochord 10, 10

Montgomery, J. 411

Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusias (MBEA) 196, 198

Moore, D. R. 127

Moore, E. 204

Moore, K. 285

Morford, J. 336

Mori, K. 227

Moris, D. N. 370

Morrison, S. 178, 196

Mosing, M. 299

mosquitoes, sounds of 43

Mössler, K. 367

motherese 49

motivation 303

motor maps 204, 212, 294, 306

motor skills 291 – 299; acquisition of 296; audio-motor systems 296 – 297; importance of rest and sleep in consolidating 296; motor aspects of music making 294; neuromotor aspects of music making 292 – 294; and quantity of practice 297 – 299

Moura, N. 309

Mozart, W. A. 27; Jupiter Symphony 43;

Musical Joke 21; Sonata in C K545 165, 166; Sonata in Eb Major K. 168, 168

MP3 players 281, 391, 403

multifactorial gene-environment interaction model (MGIM) 269, 299

multiple intelligences (MI) theory of 343 – 344,

355 multisensory integration 194 – 195, 195

Munson, W. 146

muscular and motor responses to music 225 – 226, 227

Musgrave, G. 382

musical, reasons for being: language acquisition and 51, 54; natural soundscapes and 43 – 47; parent-infant bonding and 47 – 51, 53 – 54; rhythm fundamental to life and 38 – 43; social organization and 52 – 53, 54; as way knowing 51 – 52, 54

musical attributes: inheritance/acquisition debate 265 – 272; and relationship to other human attributes 271 – 272

musical bows 59, 59

musical creativity 313 – 319; divergent and convergent thinking 315; flow 315 – 316; improvisation 316 – 319; memory and 314 – 315

Musical Expression Test (MET) 315

musical expressivity 310 – 313; body movements 307 – 310; in different cultures 69; musical cues for expressiveness 310 – 313

musicality inheritance/acquisition debate 265 – 272

musical knowledge system 29 – 31

musical memory 53, 162 – 165, 345

musical occupations 391

musical person: musical identity 229 – 281; musical inheritance/acquisition debate 265 – 272; musical personality 272 – 275; relationship of musical attributes to other human attributes 271 – 272; religious and spiritual aspects 275 – 279

musical personality 272 – 275; Kemp’s core traits 273; links to musical identity 279 – 281

musical preferences: for genres 283 – 286; for instruments 282 – 283; listener variables influencing 285; music influencing 285 – 286; personality and impact on 286 – 288; preference for prototypes theory (PPT) 177, 285 – 286; situations and contexts 286; and social identity theory (SIT) 280, 286 musical talent 33 – 35, 265 music cognition 32, 155 – 183; auditory scene analysis 159 – 162; and cognitive psychology 345 – 346; cross-cultural comparative research 177 – 179, 196; expectancy theory 165 – 169, 239 – 242, 249 – 250; Gestalt theory 156 – 158, 161, 166, 331 – 332, 355; imaging 208; and language 179 – 181; of larger musical forms 174 – 177; melody and harmony 172 – 173; musical memory 53, 162 – 165, 345; and non-Western music 177, 181, 196, 215; and rhythm 173 – 174; statistical learning 165, 170, 171 – 172, 179; and timbre 174; tonality 169 – 172

music expectancy 249 – 250

music intelligence 342 – 345, 355

Music in Therapy (Gaston) 361

music learning: adult beginners 191; cognitive load theory 349 – 351, 355; connectivism 351 – 353, 355; early children’s 142, 211, 295, 297 – 298, 301; imaging 212 – 213; learning styles 353; learning to play an instrument 346 – 348; neural pruning in 190; teaching 353 – 354 music learning, psychology of 322 – 356; behavioral psychology 325 – 328, 355; cognitive approaches 328 – 349, 355; cognitive neuroscience 346 – 349, 355; cognitive psychology 339 – 346, 355; developmental psychology 332 – 334; Gestalt psychology 331 – 332, 355; humanistic psychology 329 – 331, 355; learning cycle model 346, 346 – 347, 347, 349; music learning theory 353 – 354, 355; psychoanalysis 322 – 325, 354 – 355; social psychology 334 – 339

music learning theory 353 – 354, 355

music listening, and mismatch negativity (MMN) 201, 202

music medicine 367 – 371, 391; and anxiety 370 – 371; and aphasia 369 – 370; defining 368; and immune system 370 – 371; and pain 370 – 371; and stress 370 – 371

MUSIC model 287

Music of the Whole Earth (Reck) 81

musicology 8

Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (Sacks) 185

music psychology 196; applied research 412 – 413; basic research 412 – 413; conducting research 406 – 408; convergence of disciplines in 5 – 10, 13; cultural 417 – 418; defining 4 – 5, 406 – 408; formal music experiences 413 – 415; global perspectives research 415 – 417; history of 10 – 11; informal music experiences 413 – 415; literature overview 12 – 13; model of 5 – 10, 5; philosophy and 408 – 410; qualitative research 412 – 413; replicability of research findings 418 – 419; research collaboratory 419 – 420; ruminations on 406 – 421; theory, research, and practice, triumvirate of 410 – 412

Music Psychology Collaboratory for Research (MPCR) 419 – 420

Music Special Interest Group 6 music theory contributions to music psychology 8 – 10

music therapy 358, 359 – 367, 391; for

Alzheimer’s Disease 363; for autism 363; for cerebral palsy 363 – 364; for dyslexia 364 – 365; history of 361 – 362; and involvement in music medicine 367; for Parkinson’s Disease and stroke 365; practitioners and clients/patients 360, 359; for premature and newborn infants 365 – 366; principles of 361; processes in 361, 362; for psychiatric disorders 367; with wounded soldiers 360

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 353

Myors, B. 274

Name That Tune program 73

Narayanamurti, V. 413

Narmour, E. 167, 250

Nater, U. 222

national anthems 77, 280, 388

national identity 77, 280

National Standards for Music Education 6

natural harmonic series 98, 99

natural soundscapes 43 – 47

Neapolitan Domenico Cotugno 123

Negro Folk Symphony (Dawson) 25

‘Negro’ music 34

nerve entrapments 376 – 377

Nettl, B. 70

neural networks 170, 191 – 194, 191, 193, 208, 211, 347

neural plasticity 189 – 190, 212

neural pruning 190

neuroaesthetics 26, 32, 210 – 211

neurochemical responses 222, 223225

neurologic music therapy (NMT) 364 – 365, 367, 369

neuromotor aspects of music making 292 – 294

neuromusculoskeletal problems 376 – 378

neuromusical research findings: ancillary disciplines evidence for 196; imaging affective responses to music 208 – 210; imaging musical performance 211 – 212; imaging music learning 212 – 213; imaging music perception and cognition 208; imaging techniques for studying music 200 – 208; indirect approaches evidence for 196 – 200

neurons 188, 188, 189, 189, 190, 191, 192, 212

neuroscience, cognitive 29, 32, 346 – 349, 355

Ng, H. H. 415

Niarchou, M. 268

niche hypothesis 45, 46

Nickerson, J. F. 107

Nielsen, S. 304

NIHL (Noise-Induced Hearing Loss) 132, 372

Nijs, L. 310

NMT (neurologic music therapy) 364 – 365, 367, 369

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) 132, 372

Nolker, D. 306 non-human sounds 43 – 45

nonverbal communication 20, 30, 51, 362; hand signs and emojis for 20

non-Western music: listening to 80, 155, 190; meters 150; music cognition and 177, 181, 196, 215; tuning 108 – 109

North, A. 26, 258, 285, 287, 339

Norton, A. 213

Norway 108

Nyklíček, I. 230

OAEs (otoacoustic emissions) 124

oboe 76, 279; attack time 101; body health and playing 376; identifying tones 99, 100

occupations, musical 391

Ockelford, A. 198, 407 – 408

O’Connor, B. 274, 383

Odumosu, T. 413

Ogawa, Y. 143

Ohno, A. 40

Oikkonen, J. 268

Olson, H. 85

Olympic Games Beijing, Opening Ceremony 396

O’Neill, S. 282, 303, 304

Ong, W. 74

Open Science Collaboration 418

oral traditions, importance of music to 76, 78, 317

organizations: professional and social 391

Orpheus Chamber Orchestra 395

Orton, A. 340

oscine songbirds, sounds of 44

Ostwald, P. 383

otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) 124

outer ear 120 – 121

overtones 98

Owen, K. 400

pain, music to ameliorate 370 – 371

painting 26, 62; cave 59 – 63, 63; Egyptian Fresco and Greek Vase 61; rock 61; sand 19

Palmer, C. 296

parental involvement in children’s music practice 297, 299

parent-infant bonding 47 – 51, 53 – 54, 397

Parizek, D. 220

Parker, A. F. 363

Parkinson’s disease (PD) 226, 365

Parncutt, R. 412

partials 97, 98

Parton, D. 255

Pascual-Leone, A. 306

Patel, A. 180

Pavlov, I. 325, 326

PD (Parkinson’s disease) 226, 365

peak experiences theory 255 – 256, 330

Peck, K. J. 194

Pelling, A. 40

Pennebaker, J. 281

perceived musical emotions (cognitivist position) 235, 246 – 248, 247, 260

perception of music: cognition’s influence on 135, 153; in cognitive psychology 345; critical band 136 – 137; duration 148 – 150, 152; imaging 208; loudness 145 – 146, 147, 152; pitch 137 – 145, 150 – 152, 151; Seashore’s model of 136, 136; secondary relationships 150 – 153; timbre 146 – 148, 152; tonal hierarchies and influence on 170; volume and density 152 – 153

Peretz, I. 198, 208 – 209, 268

performance, music 290 – 320; cognitive skills 299 – 307; expressive skills 307 – 313; imaging 211 – 212; measuring 379; motor skills 291 – 299; musicians’ heart rates during 220; simulator 380, 381; social behaviors among musicians 393 – 395

performance anxiety 273, 378 – 382

performing arts medicine 358, 371 – 383; bodily health 376 – 378; hearing health 372 – 374; psychosocial health 378 – 383; vocal health 375 – 376 period 92; formula 93 periodicals see journals periodicity theory 138 – 139

personality, musical 272 – 275; Kemp’s core traits 273; links to musical identity 279 – 281

personality and impact on musical preferences 286 – 288

Personal Performance Anxiety Report 379

Persson, R. 303

PET (positron emission tomography) 203, 203, 207, 295 – 296

Peterson, D. C. 127

Petzold, R. 271

Pfeiffer, J. 54, 324

Pflederer, M. 333

phasing 115

Phillips, D. 271

philosophical issues in music psychology: general philosophical approaches 23 – 25, 24; human and musical nature 16 – 23; and music as way of knowing 29 – 31; and paradigm shift in music psychology 28 – 29; science of beauty and 26 – 28

philosophy contributing to music psychology 6, 408 – 410

phons 96

physical activity and association with music 391

physical responses to music 225 – 229; body movements 228 – 229, 229; chills 227 – 228; chills 254, 398; facial gestures 228; an invariant 75; motor systems 228; muscular responses 225 – 226, 227

physics contribution to music psychology 8

physiological responses to music: bloodoxygen saturation levels 222; blood pressure 220 – 221, 230; blood volume 222; gastric motility 222; heart rate and pulse rate 219 – 220, 227, 230, 380 – 381; neurochemical responses 222, 223225; respiration 221, 227, 230; skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230; temperature 222, 230

Piaget, J. 332 – 333, 333, 336

pianists: body movements 307, 309; imaging musical performance 211; imaging music learning 212; mental rehearsal 306; motor skills 295, 296; quality and quantity of practice 298

piano lessons, study of children taking 213

Picasso 344

Pignatiello, M. 222

Pilger, A. 230

Pinker, S. 37

Piperek, M. 382

Pires, M. J. 162, 291

Pisano, L. 26

pitch: absolute 142 – 144, 204; and auditory cortex mapping 131; chroma/class 141; discrimination 140, 152; as distinct from frequency 92; height 141; in language 180; matching 141; perception of 137 – 145, 150 – 152, 151; periodicity theory of 138 – 139; place theory of 137 – 138, 139; proximity 157, 167; relative 143; reversal 167, 168; spectral 138; and timbre 152; volley theory of 139

pitch processing 115

place theory 137 – 138, 139

plasticity, brain 189 – 190, 212

Plato 10, 26, 33

play and human 21

pleasure models 245; Berlyne’s 251, 251; McMullen’s 251 – 252, 252; Russell’s 247 – 248

Plotkin, H. 38

politics, music in 390, 401 – 403, 402, 404

popular music: and generational identity 281; influence on teenagers 403; to reward behaviors 327; and stress of musicians 383

Porras, J. I. 419

Porter, S. 282

positron emission tomography (PET) 203, 203, 207, 295 – 296

Poulin-Charronnat, B. 170

Powell, N. 27

PPT (Preference for Prototypes Theory) 177, 285 – 286

practice: focal dystonia concerns 299; and mental rehearsal 305 – 306; parental involvement in children’s 297, 299; quality of 300 – 305; quantity of 297 – 299

Prayer (Stuessy) 158

Predictive Coding of Music Model 208, 213 – 214

preference for prototypes theory (PPT) 177, 285 – 286

preferences, musical 281 – 286; for genres 283 – 286; for instruments 282 – 283; personality and impact on 286 – 288; preference for prototypes theory (PPT) 177, 285 – 286; and social identity theory (SIT) 280, 286

prehistoric art 61 – 62 premotor cortex 293

pre-operational stage of development 332 – 333

Presley, D. 373

Pressing, J. 317

Prideaux, T. 64

Priest, D. 232

primitive music 34

prodigies 197

Project Zero 344

Proops, L. 43 – 44

protest songs 75, 402

pruning, brain 190

psychiatric disorders 367

psychoacoustics 8, 135; see also perception of music

psychoanalysis 322 – 325, 354 – 355

psychoeducation 367

psychological androgyny 273

psychological homeostasis 42

psychology and contribution to music psychology 7

Psychology of Music 13

The Psychology of Musical Talent  (Seashore) 35

psychology of music learning see music learning, psychology of psychomotor learning 341

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 370 – 371

psychophysiological responses to music 229 – 232; gender differences and 232; musical structures’ influence on 232

psychosocial health 378 – 383

Puccini, Giacomo, La Bohème 244

pulse rate and heart rate 219 – 220, 227, 230, 380 – 381

Putin, V. 280

Pythagoras 4, 10

Pythagorean scale 106

qualitative research 412 – 413

quantum field theory 38 – 39

quantum physics 4, 38 – 39, 40

racial differences and musical ability 271

Radocy, R. 145, 156

Raeburn, S. 383

Raffman, D. 276

Rao, K. 12

Rasch, R. 308

reading music 306 – 307

Reck, D. 81, 317

referential expressionism 24

referentialism 24, 24, 25

reflection 103 – 104

reflective thinking 345 – 346

refraction 104 – 105

rehearsing see practice

Reik, T. 324

Reimer, B. 31, 411

relative pitch (RP) 143

religion and music 21, 62 – 63, 65 – 66, 75 – 76, 275 – 279, 390, 401 – 403

Rentfrow, P. 287

Renwick, J. 302

research collaboratory 419 – 420

respiration 221, 227

restaurants, music in 391, 392

reticular activating system (RAS) 237, 237

reverberation time (RT) 115

Révész, G. 197

Reybrouck, M. 30

Reymore, L. 172

Rhazes 10

rhythm: circadian 41; fundamental life process 38 – 43, 53; on infants 41; infradian 41; and music cognition 173 – 174; patterns 150, 174; role in language acquisition 180; social interactions 41, 41 – 42; ultradian 41

rhythmic entrainment 249

rhythmic synchrony 41, 45, 53

Richardson, V. 336

Rickard, N. 232

Rideout, R. 317, 411

Ries, R. 221

Rigden, J. 85

Rimsky-Korsakov, N. 315

ripples in pond 86

Robins, R. 328

Robitaille, B. 247

rock art 61 – 62

rock painting 61

Roden, I. 315

Roederer, J. 139

Rogers, C. 329, 331

Rogers, G. L. 145

roles of music see functions and roles of music in society

Rolka, E. J. 364

room acoustics 115 – 116

root mean square (RMS) 94

Ross, S. 306

Rothgeb, J. 27 – 28

Rothstein, E. 28

Roth, W. M. 414

Rowan, J. 330

Rubinstein, A. 305

Runco, M. 314

Russell, J. 243, 248

Russell, P. 26

Russo, F. 228

Ryan, C. 379

Ryan, R. M. 300

Rzeszutek, T. 177

Saarikallio, S. 258

Sacks, O. 197, 226

Sadie, S. 175

Saeedi, S. 376

Saffran, J. 165

Sakakibara, A. 143

Sakka, L. 209

salesmanship 79

sales of music products 399

Salewski, B. 379

Salgado, A. 312

Salmon, P. 379

SAM (Spreading Activation Model) 242

Sami 178, 178

Sanderson, H. 34

sand painting 19

Sandresky, M. 26 – 27

Sataloff, R. 375 – 376, 382

savants, musical 198

Savvidou, P. 374

Sawyer, R. K. 319

scaffolding 338

Schaerlaeken, S. 228

Schäfer, T. 278, 384

Schellenberg, E. 143, 167, 178

schemata 159 – 160, 241, 250

Schenker, H. 175

Schiavio, A. 30

schizophrenia 41

Schlaug, G. 212, 213

Schleuter, S. 272

Schmuckler, M. 172

Schoenberg, A. 315

Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) 342 – 343

school, music at 390; choral singers 282 – 283, 307, 376; as part of curriculum 6, 401

Schubert, E. 175, 175, 242, 259, 277, 285, 307, 312

science of beauty 26 – 28

Scott, S. 336

SDT (self-determination theory) 300

Sears, William W. 361

Seashore, C. 9, 11, 11, 13 – 14, 23, 26, 136, 291, 353, 407, 416; involvement with eugenics 33 – 35; model of musical perception 136, 136

Seashore Measures 34

sedative and stimulative music and physiological responses 218 – 219; facial gestures 228; heart rate 219 – 220; muscle tension 225; respiration 221, 230; skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230; temperature 222, 230

self-actualization 329, 330, 355, 361

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) 300

self-efficacy 303 – 304

self-esteem 288, 329, 361, 382

self-identity 31

self-knowledge 31

Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) 300, 301, 302

self-regulation 303

self-report 379

SEM (Strong Experiences with Music) 253, 255, 256, 331

sensorimotor cortex 211, 213, 293

sensorimotor homunculus 292, 293

sensorimotor stage of development 332

sexual selection, music’s role in 45

Shank, R. C. 317

Shepard tones 141

Sherbon, J. 271

Shimp, T. 249

shoppers 400, 400, 404

short-term memory 315

Short Test of Music Preferences (STOMP) 287

Shuter-Dyson, R. 271, 278

Siemens, G. 351 – 352

signal shapes see waveforms (signal shapes)

Silva, L. B. 149

Silverman, M. J. 364, 367

Simmons, A. 296

Simmons-Stern, N. 363

simple harmonic motion 97

Simpson, L. 283

singers: body movements 308, 308, 310; brain damage study 198; imaging musical performance 211; performance anxiety 379; personality traits 274; school choral 282 – 283, 307, 376; timbre 146, 148, 152; vocal expressivity 312; vocal health 375 – 376

singing and gender related issues 282 – 283

single wave cycle 92, 93

Sink, P. 328

skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230

Skinner, B. F. 325, 326, 328

Skouras, S. 194

Slatter, P. 285

Slaughter, F. 228

Slevc, L. 271

Sloboda, J. 155, 232, 236, 250, 256, 276, 277, 281, 298 – 299, 312, 314

Smith, G. E. 317

Smith, H. 291

social behaviors: at concerts 260, 395, 395; influence of music on 396 – 403; among listeners 395 – 396; music as socializing agent 396 – 399; among performing musicians 393 – 395; using music to modify 327; in workplace 399 – 401

social connectedness 41 – 42

Social Identity Theory (SIT) 280, 286

social institutions, validation of 75 – 76

social integration 76 – 77

social learning 334 – 339, 347 – 348

Social Learning and Imitation (Miller and Dollard) 336

social media 42, 355

social norms, enforcing conformity to 75

social organization 52 – 53, 54

 social psychology 334 – 339

society, integration of 76 – 77

society, music in: in healthcare systems 391; at home 390; musical occupations 391; and physical activities 391; in politics 390, 401 – 403, 402, 404; professional and social music organizations 391; in religion 390; at school 390; for special occasions 390; in community 390; in marketplace 390; in media 391, 397, 403 – 404; in military 390 – 391; touching everyone 388 – 392; while travelling 391 society, reflected in music 392 – 396

sociology contributions to music psychology 7 – 8

Sofia Gubaidulina 27

somatic system disorder (SSD) 232

Somer, E. 385

Sosniak, L. 297

Sotho melodies 108

sound: defining 85 – 88; descriptors of 91; environment and 102 – 105; measuring and describing 91 – 102; morphing and vocoding 115; parameters of 89 – 91; speed of 89 – 90, 89

Sound Health Initiative 385

Sound Health Network 386

Sound pressure level (SPL) 94 – 96, 96, 145

soundscapes, natural 43 – 47

sound shields 274, 373

Southern, E. 79

spatial processing 115

special musicians 197

Spector, J. 377

Spintge, R. 368

spirituality and music 275 – 279

Sporns, O. 194

sport and music 391

Spreading Activation Model (SAM) 242

Springer, D. G. 245

SRL (self-regulated learning) 300, 301, 302

SSD (somatic system disorder) 232

stage fright see performance anxiety

Stahl, B. 370

Standley, J. 366

Stanton, H. 34

statistical learning in music 165, 170, 171 – 172, 179

Sternberg, R. 338

Stevens, C. 177, 416

stimulative and sedative music and physiological responses 218 – 219; facial gestures 228; heart rate 219 – 220; muscle tension 225; respiration 221, 230; skin conductance responses (SC) 221 – 222, 227, 230; temperature 222, 230

STOMP (Short Test of Music Preferences) 287

storytelling 77 – 78

Stravinsky, I. 314, 343 – 344

street vendors 79

stress 370 – 371, 382 – 383

string players: focal dystonia risk 377; imaging musical learning 213; motor skills 295; neuromusculoskeletal risks 376; personality traits 273

string theory 40

stroke patients 226, 365

Strong Experiences with Music (Gabrielsson) 410

Strong Experiences with Music (SEM) 253, 255, 256, 331

Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics (Berlyne) 26

Stumpf, C. 11

successive approximation 326

Sully, J. 11

Sundar, P. S. 123

supplementary motor cortex 293

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 41

survival benefits of music: language

acquisition 51, 54; music as way of knowing 51 – 52, 54; parent-infant bonding 47 – 51, 53 – 54; socialization of emotions 51; and social organization 52 – 53, 54

Sweller, J. 350

symbolic behaviors 19 – 20

symbolic representation 74

synapses 188 synesthesia 144 – 145

systematic desensitization 379 – 380

Tait, M. 31 tam-tams 113

Tanur, J. 282

task analysis 326

Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom) 291, 340

Tchaikovsky, P.: Symphony No. 6 161 – 162, 162, 176, 242, 255

teaching of music: applying behaviorism to 326 – 327; Bruner’s theory of instruction 339; music learning and 353 – 354

technology 21 – 22, 63 – 65

teenagers: economic power of 398;

importance of music to 398; influence of popular music on 403; in-group favoritism 286; musical identities 280; time spent listening to music 396, 398

temperature 222, 230

Temperley, D. 176

Temperly, D. 143

Temple, M. 40

tempo 149, 220, 311, 312 – 313

Terao, Y. 198

tetrachords 108 TFT (thought-field therapy) 380

Thagard, P. 408

Thai music 108

Thaut, M. 192, 222

Thayer, R. 272

Theiler, A. 306

theory of instruction 339

Theunissen, N. C. M. 305

This is Your Brain on Music (Levitin) 185

Thoma, M. V. 258

Thomas, L. 413

Thompson, W. 228, 247

Thomson, C. J. 258

thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) 377

Thorndike, E. 325

thought-field therapy (TFT) 380

thought, musical 31

thrills/chills 227 – 228, 254, 398

thunderstick 61

Tillman, B. 192

timbre 98 – 99, 146 – 148, 152, 174

time 99 – 102, 102; and duration 148 – 149; and loudness 152; and pitch 152; and space 31; and timbre 152

time-dependency of human beings 42

timeline of early artistic behaviors 58 – 62

Timmers, R. 312

timpani 98, 113 – 114, 114

Timperley, H. 304

Titon, J. 58

Titze, I. 110

Tomovski, R. 172

tonality 169 – 172

tonal pitch space theory (TPST) 170

Tone Deaf and All Thumbs? (Wilson) 191

tone deafness 198

tone psychology 11

tonotopical organization 126, 129

tonotopicity 126

TOS (thoracic outlet syndrome) 377

Toscanini, A. 290 – 291

TPST (tonal pitch space theory) 170

trance, music induced 79

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 204

transmission and absorption of sound 103, 103

traveling with music 391

Trehub, S. 143, 144

Trevarthen, C. 50

Triadic Reciprocity model 337

Trimble, M. 228

Trost, W. 250

Tsay, C. J. 309

tubists 283

tuning systems 106 – 109; with diatonic tones 107; non-western 108 – 109; western 106 – 108

Uganda 108

Ukkola-Vuoti, L. 268

Ulatowska, H. 199

Ullén, F. 269, 299

Ulrich, J. W. 318

ultradian rhythms 41

The Unanswered Question (Ives) 30

unification 38 – 39, 394

universal traits in music making 68; see also invariant of music making

Ursatz 175, 175

Uttal, William R. 328

Vaitl, D. 231

valence 244

van Meer, J. P. 305

Vaquero, L. 211

VARK Model of learning 353

Varney, N. 69

Västfjäll, D. 236

Vaughn, B. 376

Vaughn, K. 271

Venus of Tan-Tan 59

Verdi, G., Overture to La Forza del Destino 167,

168 vervet monkeys, sounds of 45

vibraphone envelope 102

vibration: measuring and describing 91 – 102

Vienna Symphony 220, 378, 379, 382

Vierordt’s Law 149

Vinolo-Gil, M. J. 363 – 364

Viola, E. 385

violinists: body movements 309; imaging musical performance 211; imaging perception and cognition 208; neuropathy in 377; performance by Midori 290; quantity of practice 298; and reorganization of motor maps 204

violins: attack time 101; components of 112; gendered preference for 282; identifying tones 99, 100; proportions of 26; in Symphony No. 6 161 – 162, 162

Visser, B. 344

visual imagery 249

vocal cords 109, 109

vocal expressivity 312

vocal health 375 – 376

vocal tract 109, 109

voice, acoustics of 109 – 110

volley theory 139

Voltmer, E. 382

volume and density 152 – 153

von Békésy, G. 123

von Helmholtz, H. 11

von Tucher, B. 107

Vrana, S. 230

Vuust, P. 214

Vygotsky, L. 335, 336, 338

Wade, B. 70

Wager, T. 236

Wagner, M. 299

Waite, A. K. 304

Walker, J. 290

Wallaschek, R. 11

Walter, J. 373

Wan, X. 192

Wantanabe, D. 297

war dances 78, 78

Ward, D. 143

Ward, J. 145

Watson, J. B. 325, 328

waveforms (signal shapes) 96 – 99; changes in 100, 101, 102; formula 96; and loudness perception 152; and timbre 152; and timbre perception 146 – 148

wavelengths 93, 93, 104 – 105; formula 93 waves, defining 85

Webster, P. 315, 316, 420

Weinberger, N. 128

wellbeing, music and 383 – 385

Wertheimer, M. 156, 331

Wesseldiijk, L. W. 269

Westbury, I. 411

western music: tuning 106 – 108

West, M. 49 whales, sounds of 44, 44

Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning) (Jackson) 25

white matter 188, 204, 205, 213, 344

Whitfield, T. 285

Wiggins, J. 336

Wilkins, R. 32, 194

Willatts, P. 271

Williamon, A. 306, 380

Williams, W. 338

Williams Syndrome (WS) 197, 199, 266

Willisa, E. C. 414

Wilson, C. 221

Wilson, E. 226

Wilson, F. 191, 294

Winckel, F. 146

Windsor, L. 149

Wing, L. 342

Witvliet, C. 230

Wolfe, J. 221

Woody, R. 275, 310, 313

Worked Example technique 350 – 351, 355

working memory 162 – 163, 315, 319, 349

working memory capacity (WMC) 315

working to music 77

workplace, music in 399 – 401

world music: listening to 80, 155, 190; meters 150; music cognition and 177, 181, 196, 215

worship 276; see also religion and music; spirituality and music

Wu, L. 416

Wulf, W. 419

Wundt, W. 11

Xenakis, I. 28

xylophones 113 – 114, 114

Yao, B. 416

Yarbrough, C. 326, 328

Yeom, D. 268

Yerkes-Dodson law 380

Yinger, O. S. 245

Young, C. 400

Young, L. 410

Yuja Wang 231

Zarlino 10

Zatorre, R. 212, 221, 227

Zelenak, M. 304

Zentner, M. 130, 171, 244, 255

Zervoudakes, J. 282

Zhang, J. 416

Zhao, Q. 206

Zhukov, K. 306

Zimmerman, B. 301

Zone of Proximal (or Potential) Development (ZPD) 336

Zull, J. 346

Zumbansen, A. 369, 370

Zwaan, R. A. 419

Zweigenhaft, R. 287